Tuesday, March 31, 2009

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Motherboard


The ASUS A8N VM CSM

Connects to
Microprocessors via one of:

  • sockets
  • Slots (on older motherboards)

Main memory via one of:

  • Slots
  • Sockets for individual chips (on old motherboards)

Peripherals via one of:

Expansion cards via one of:

Form factors
ATX
microATX
AT (on older motherboards)
Baby AT (on older motherboards)
Others

Common manufacturers
ASUS
Foxconn
Intel
Others

A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in some complex electronic systems, such as modern personal computers. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board.[1] It is also sometimes casually shortened to mobo.[2]

[edit] History

Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed-circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit, memory and peripherals were housed on individual printed circuit boards which plugged into the backplane.

During the late 1980s and 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard (see above). In the late 1980s, motherboards began to include single ICs (called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals: keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, serial ports, and parallel ports. As of the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards support a full range of audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retain only the graphics card as a separate component.

The early pioneers of motherboard manufacturing were Micronics, Mylex, AMI, DTK, Hauppauge, Orchid Technology, Elitegroup, DFI, and a number of Taiwan-based manufacturers.

Popular personal computers such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse-engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with the exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment.

The term mainboard is archaically applied to devices with a single board and no additional expansions or capability. In modern terms this would include embedded systems, and controlling boards in televisions, washing machines etc. A motherboard specifically refers to a printed circuit with the capability to add/extend its performance/capabilities with the addition of "daughterboards".

[edit] Overview

An Acer E360 motherboard made by Foxconn, from 2005, with a large number of integrated peripherals. This board's nForce3 chipset lacks a traditional northbridge.

Most computer motherboards produced today are designed for IBM-compatible computers, which currently account for around 90% of global PC sales[citation needed]. A motherboard, like a backplane, provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate, but unlike a backplane, it also hosts the central processing unit, and other subsystems and devices.

Motherboards are also used in many other electronics devices such as mobile phones,stop-watches,clocks,and other small electronc devices.

A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components on the motherboard. Other components such as external storage, controllers for video display and sound, and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables, although in modern computers it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself.

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.

Modern motherboards include, at a minimum:

  • sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors are installed[3]
  • slots into which the system's main memory is installed (typically in the form of DIMM modules containing DRAM chips)
  • a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
  • non-volatile memory chips (usually Flash ROM in modern motherboards) containing the system's firmware or BIOS
  • a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components
  • slots for expansion cards (these interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset)
  • power connectors flickers, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.[4]

The Octek Jaguar V motherboard from 1993.[5] This board has 6 ISA slots but few onboard peripherals, as evidenced by the lack of external connectors.

Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly-used input devices, such as PS/2 connectors for a mouse and keyboard. Early personal computers such as the Apple II or IBM PC included only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example on the Apple II, and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PC Jr. Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards.

Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heatsinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.

[edit] CPU sockets

Main article: CPU socket

[edit] Integrated peripherals

Block diagram of a modern motherboard, which supports many on-board peripheral functions as well as several expansion slots.

With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB, the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly-integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.

For example, the ECS RS485M-M,[6] a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:

Expansion cards to support all of these functions would have cost hundreds of dollars even a decade ago, however as of April 2007[update] such highly-integrated motherboards are available for as little as $30 in the USA.

[edit] Peripheral card slots

A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connections depending on its standard. A standard ATX motherboard will typically have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, 2x PCI slots for various expansion cards and 1x PCI-E 1x which will eventually supersede PCI.

A standard Super ATX motherboard will have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card. It will also have a varying number of PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. This varies between brands and models.

Some motherboards have 2x PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware or to allow use of a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming and video-editing.

As of 2007[update], virtually all motherboards come with at least 4x USB ports on the rear, with at least 2 connections on the board internally for wiring additional front ports that are built into the computer's case. Ethernet is also included now. This is a standard networking cable for connecting the computer to a network or a modem. A sound chip is always included on the motherboard, to allow sound to be output without the need for any extra components. This allows computers to be far more multimedia-based than before. Cheaper machines now often have their graphics chip built into the motherboard rather than a separate card.

[edit] Temperature and reliability

Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips, such as the northbridge, in modern motherboards. If the motherboard is not cooled properly, then this can cause its computer to crash. Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient for many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on their heatsinks, due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional case fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Some higher-powered computers (which typically have high-performance processors and large amounts of RAM, as well as high-performance video cards) use a water-cooling system instead of many fans.

Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement.

A 2003 study[7] found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation.[8]

For more information on premature capacitor failure on PC motherboards, see capacitor plague.

Motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C,[9] their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C below this. At 45 °C a lifetime of 15 years can be expected. This appears reasonable for a computer motherboard, however many manufacturers have delivered substandard capacitors,[citation needed] which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures easily exacerbate this problem. It is possible, but tedious and time-consuming, to find and replace failed capacitors on PC motherboards; it is less expensive to buy a new motherboard than to pay for such a repair.[citation needed]

[edit] Form factor

Main article: Comparison of computer form factors

microATX form factor motherboard

Motherboards are produced in a variety of sizes and shapes ("form factors"), some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible commodity computers have been standardized to fit various case sizes. As of 2007[update], most desktop computer motherboards use one of these standard form factors—even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers which have not traditionally been built from commodity components.

Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard due to the large number of integrated components.

[edit] Nvidia SLI and ATI Crossfire

Nvidia SLI and ATI Crossfire technology allows two or more of the same series graphics cards to be linked together to allow faster graphics-processing capabilities. Almost all medium- to high-end Nvidia cards and most high-end ATI cards support the technology.

They both require compatible motherboards. There is an obvious need for 2x PCI-E 8x slots to allow two cards to be inserted into the computer. The same function can be achieved in 650i motherboards by NVIDIA, with a pair of x8 slots. Originally, tri-Crossfire was achieved at 8x speeds with two 16x slots and one 8x slot; albeit at a slower speed. ATI opened the technology up to Intel in 2006, and such all-new Intel chipsets support Crossfire.

SLI is a little more proprietary in its needs. It requires a motherboard with Nvidia's own NForce chipset series to allow it to run (exception: Intel X58 chipset).

It is important to note that SLI and Crossfire will not usually scale to 2x the performance of a single card when using a dual setup. They also do not double the effective amount of VRAM or memory bandwidth.

[edit] Bootstrapping using the BIOS

Main article: booting

Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initialize the system and load an operating system from some external peripheral device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used read-only memory chips, mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor would load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM, and start executing ROM instructions, displaying system information on the screen and running memory checks, which would in turn start loading memory from an external or peripheral device (disk drive). If none is available, then the computer can perform tasks from other memory stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer and version of the BIOS.

Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROM chip soldered to the motherboard, to bootstrap the motherboard. (Socketed BIOS chips are widely used, also.) By booting the motherboard, the memory, circuitry, and peripherals are tested and configured. This process is known as a computer Power-On Self Test (POST) and may include testing some of the following devices:

Any of the above devices can be stored with machine code instructions to load an operating system or a program.

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes and references

  1. ^ Paul Miller. "Apple sneaks new logic board into whining MacBook Pros" (2006). Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2006/07/08/apple-sneaks-new-logic-board-into-whining-macbook-pros/. Retrieved on 2008-10-23.
  2. ^ "mobo". Webopedia. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mobo.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-23.
  3. ^ In the case of CPUs in BGA packages, such as the VIA C3, the CPU is directly soldered to the motherboard.
  4. ^ As of 2007[update], some graphics cards (e.g. GeForce 8 and Radeon R600) require more power than the motherboard can provide, and thus dedicated connectors have been introduced to attach them directly to the power supply. (Note that most disk drives also connect to the power supply via dedicated connectors.)
  5. ^ "Golden Oldies: 1993 mainboards". http://redhill.net.au/b/b-93.html. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  6. ^ "RS485M-M (V1.0)". http://www.ecs.com.tw/ECSWebSite/Products/ProductsDetail.aspx?DetailID=654&CategoryID=1&DetailName=Feature&MenuID=46&LanID=9. Retrieved on 2007-06-27.
  7. ^ c't Magazine, vol. 21, pp. 216-221. 2003.
  8. ^ Yu-Tzu Chiu, Samuel K. Moore "Faults & Failures: Leaking Capacitors Muck up Motherboards" (2003-02-19) IEEE Spectrum accessed 2008-03-10
  9. ^ See the capacitor lifetime formula at [1].

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主機板 www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.


ASUS A8N VM CSM 主機板

連接介面
連接至微處理機透過:

連接至記憶體透過:

連接至周邊設備透過:

  • I/O
  • 內部接線

連接至擴充卡透過:

規格
* ATX

主要生產商
* ASUS

主機板(Motherboard、Mainboard;又稱主板系統板邏輯板母板底板等,英文簡稱「Mobo」),是構成複雜電子系統例如電子計算機的中心或者主電路板

典型的主板能提供一系列接合點,供處理機顯示卡聲效卡硬碟記憶體、對外裝置等裝置接合。它們通常直接插入有關插槽,或用線路連接。主板上最重要的構成元件是晶元組(Chipset)。而晶元組通常由北橋南橋組成,也有些以單晶片設計,增強其效能。這些晶元組為主板提供一個通用平台供不同裝置連接,控制不同裝置的溝通。它亦包含對不同擴充插槽的支援,例如處理器PCIISAAGP,和PCI Express。晶元組亦為主板提供額外功能,例如整合顯核,成聲效卡(也稱內置顯核和內置聲卡)。一些高價主板也整合IrDA、藍芽802.11(Wi-Fi)等功能。

[編輯] 主要組成

所有的主板都有以下這些的部分或者全部。

[編輯] 溫度與可靠度

主機板一般會使用散熱片,例如北橋晶片,在以前這樣子被動的散熱方式可以滿足需求,直到了1990年,因為處理器的頻率提升以及功率的上昇,所以 CPU 散熱器需要掛載風扇以滿足需求,除此之外主機板也有機殼的風扇幫助散熱,較新的主機板更整合了溫度感測器用於偵測CPU溫度,透過BIOS或是作業系統分析溫度變化以控制風扇的轉動速度。

[編輯] BIOS 啟動

電腦主機板是電腦的主要骨幹,上面有實體電路並且用電路將各元件做聯結,而可控制主機板上邏輯電路運作的是使用者、軟體程式以及輸入裝置;但是要從關機狀態啟動,則必須執行初始化的軟體指令。

大部分的主機板會有 BIOS 儲存在 EEPROM 晶片內,用於對主機板作啟動的初始化;在啟動的過程中包含記憶體、周邊裝置都會被測試以及做初始設定,這個過程稱為 加電自檢POST),若是在 POST 的過程中出現錯誤,則主機會發出"嗶"聲或是出現錯誤訊息在螢幕上。

[編輯] 中央處理機(CPU)插槽

不同CPU系列使用不同插槽。後期CPU插槽,數字多數與針腳數量相同。前期CPU插槽則根據問世次序命名。

列表:

[編輯] Intel處理機插槽

[編輯] AMD處理機插槽

AMD Socket A 主機板

[編輯] 擴展插槽

主板通常有數條插槽供擴展之用。AGP插槽用來接上顯示卡,現被PCI-Express 16x逐漸取代。PCI亦開始被PCI-Express取代。製造商根據邏輯晶片的限制來決定插槽的型式和數量。

通常有:

  • ISA - 8/16-bit,舊制式擴展插槽,現較少使用,16-bit版相容於8-bit版。
  • MCA - 32-bit,微通道,IBM特有技術,僅用於IBM PS/2系列個人電腦上。
  • EISA - 32-bit,COMPAQ提出,相容8-bit ISA與16-bit ISA。
  • Local Bus - 32-bit,初期無標準,各晶片組業者自訂自用,如OPTi、SiS皆有自訂版本。
  • VLB - 32-bit,VESA訂立的Local Bus,是業者紊亂各自訂立Local Bus後的收斂標準。
  • PCI - 32/64-bit,取代Local Bus、VLB之用,較常用,能接上電視卡、聲效卡。
  • PCI-X - 64-bit,工作站、伺服器用
  • AGP - 32-bit,接上或升級顯示卡之用(上代),另有供電強化的AGP-Pro,64-bit版AGP雖有制訂的規格標準,但從未真正實現過。
  • PCI-Express ,串列傳輸,1-bit~16-bit皆可,簡稱PCI-E或PCIe,與ISA、PCI等相同,皆為通用型擴充槽,即不限定連接擴充用途。
  • AMR - Intel發起,用來連接軟體音效卡、軟體數據機(調變解調器)之用。
  • ACR - AMD發起,功用同AMR,期望取代AMR。
  • CNR - Intel再發起,功用同AMR,期望取代AMR。

[編輯] 可選的外部介面

這些全部都是可選的。

  • IDE 控制器 - 接駁硬碟、光碟機和軟碟機
  • SATA 控制器 - 接駁硬碟和光碟機
  • SATA2控制器 - 同樣可接駁硬碟和光碟機,但速度比SATA快一倍。
  • E-SATA控制器 - 接駁E-SATA介面的外置硬碟
  • PS/2介面 - 用來接駁鍵盤和滑鼠之用
  • USB 介面 - 接駁所有USB介面的裝備
  • 火線介面 - 用來接駁專業的數位攝錄機
  • 藍芽 - 透過空氣無線接駁硬體或內聯網
  • 網卡介面 - 連接上網或內聯網
  • 音效卡介面 - 通常有三個,代表喇叭、麥克風和線路輸入。
  • 顯示卡介面 - D型口DVI,視訊輸出口,HDMI
  • SCSI - 接駁高階硬碟,在伺服器十分常見
  • SAS- 接駁高階硬碟,在伺服器十分常見,但價值較SCSI低,而且向下相容SATA介面硬碟
  • Fibre Channel -接駁比SCSI、SAS更高階硬碟,價值較貴是伺服器的頂級配備
  • COM介面 - 接駁舊式滑鼠、手寫板或其他工業電腦裝置

[編輯] 主板規格

主條目:主機板規格比較

不同主機板規格有不同功用,所以大小也有不同。

  • XT(8.5 × 11"或216 × 279 mm)
  • AT(12 × 11"–13"或305 × 279–330 mm)
  • Baby-AT(8.5" × 10"–13"或216 mm × 254-330 mm)
  • ATX(Intel 1996; 12" × 9.6"或305 mm × 244 mm)
  • EATX(12" × 13"或305mm × 330 mm)
  • Mini-ATX(11.2" × 8.2"或284 mm × 208 mm)
  • MicroATX(1996; 9.6" × 9.6" 或 244 mm × 244 mm)- 擴充插口比ATX少,火牛體積較細小
  • LPX(9" × 11"–13" 或 229 mm × 279–330 mm)
  • picoBTX:主板最長203.20毫米,最多一個擴充卡插槽。
  • microBTX:主板最長264.16毫米,最多四個擴充卡插槽。
  • BTX:主板最長325.12毫米,最多七個擴充卡插槽。
  • DTX:主板尺寸為203 mm 乘 244 mm,最多兩個擴充卡插槽。

[編輯] 主板品牌

[編輯] 參見

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具協助客戶設計刀具流程DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計超高硬度的切削刀具醫療配件刀具設計複合式再研磨機PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具NSK高數主軸與馬達專業模具修補工具-氣動與電動粉末造粒成型機主機版專用頂級電桿PCD V-Cut捨棄式圓鋸片組粉末成型機主機版專用頂級電汽車業刀具設計電子產業鑽石刀具木工產業鑽石刀具銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCDCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструментыПустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンドミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:

(1)精密HSSエンドミルのR&D

(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計

(3)鎢鋼エンドミル設計

(4)航空エンドミル設計

(5)超高硬度エンドミル

(6)ダイヤモンドエンドミル

(7)医療用品エンドミル設計

(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンドミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:

(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンドミル設計

(2)ミクロエンドミル~大型エンドミル供給

(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給

(4)オートメーション整備調達

(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.

Monday, March 30, 2009

Tiếng Việt Máy biến thế www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Bên trong 1 máy biến thế

Máy biến thế hay máy biến ápthiết bị điện gồm hai hoặc nhiều cuộn dây, hay 1 cuộn dây có đầu vào và đầu ra trong cùng 1 từ trường. Cấu tạo cơ bản của máy biến thế thường là 2 hay nhiều cuộn dây đồng cách điện được quấn trên cùng 1 lõi sắt hay sắt từ ferit.

Máy biến thế có thể thay đổi hiệu điện thế xoay chiều, tăng thế hoặc hạ thế, đầu ra cho 1 hiệu điện thế tương ứng với nhu cầu sử dụng. Máy biến thế đóng vai trò rất quan trọng trong truyền tải điện năng.

[sửa] Lịch sử phát triển

  • Năm 1831: Michael Faraday phát hiện ra hiện tượng dòng điện tạo ra từ trường và ngược lại, sự biến thiên từ trường cũng tạo ra dòng điện.
  • Năm 1884: máy biến thế đầu tiên được sáng chế ra bởi Károly Zipernowsky, Miksa DériOttó Titusz Bláthy.
  • Năm 1886: máy biến thế cho điện xoay chiều lần đầu tiên được đưa vào sử dụng tại Massachusetts, Mỹ.
  • Năm 1889: Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky chế tạo ra máy biến thế 3 pha đầu tiên.
  • Năm 1891: máy biến thế Tesla được chế tạo bởi Nikola Tesla, có khả năng tạo ra dòng điện xoay chiều với tần số và hiệu điện thế cao.

[sửa] Nguyên tắc hoạt động

Mô hình máy biến thế

Từ thông cảm ứng trong lõi thép máy biến thế

Máy biến thế hoạt động tuân theo 2 hiện tượng vật lí:

  • dòng điện chạy qua dây dẫn tạo ra từ trường (từ trường)
  • sự biến thiên từ thông trong cuộn dây tạo ra 1 hiệu điện thế cảm ứng (cảm ứng điện)

Dòng điện được tạo ra trong cuộn dây sơ cấp khi nối với hiệu điện thế sơ cấp, và 1 từ trường biến thiên trong lõi sắt. Từ trường biến thiên này tạo ra trong mạch điện thứ cấp 1 hiệu điện thế thứ cấp. Như vậy hiệu điện thế sơ cấp có thể thay đổi được hiệu điện thế thứ cấp thông qua từ trường. Sự biến đổi này có thể được điều chỉnh qua số vòng quấn trên lõi sắt.

Khi NP, UP, IP, ΦPNS, US, IS, ΦS là số vòng quấn, hiệu điện thế, dòng điện và từ thông trong mạch điện sơ cấp và thứ cấp (primary và secondary) thì theo Định luật Faraday ta có:

{U_P} = {N_P} \frac {d \Phi_P}{dt}{U_S} = {N_S} \frac {d \Phi_S}{dt}

Nếu ΦS = ΦP thì \frac{U_P}{U_S}=\frac{N_P}{N_S},

ngoài ra \frac{I_P}{I_S}=\frac{N_S}{N_P}

Như vậy \frac{U_P}{U_S}=\frac{N_P}{N_S}=\frac{I_S}{I_P} (máy biến thế lí tưởng).

Ví dụ, 1 máy biến thế có công suất 400 W, tỉ lệ biến thế 80:5

  • phía sơ cấp 80 V, 5 A, 160 vòng
  • phía thứ cấp 5 V, 80 A, 10 vòng

[sửa] Phân loại máy biến thế

Máy biến thế có thể phân làm nhiều loại khác nhau dựa vào:

  • cấu tạo
  • chức năng
  • cách thức cách điện
  • công suất hay hiệu điện thế

Ký hiệu trong mạch điện

Máy biến thế với 2 cuộn dây và 1 lõi sắt.

Máy biến thế với 3 cuộn dây và 1 lõi sắt.

Máy tăng thế hoặc hạ thế.

Máy biến thế có thiết bị chống lại ảnh hưởng trường điện từ.

[sửa] Lĩnh vực sử dụng

Máy hạ thế 3 pha

Máy biến thế có thể chuyển đổi hiệu điện thế đúng với giá trị mong muốn, ví dụ từ đường dây trung thế 10 kV sang mức hạ thế 230 V hay 400 V dùng trong nhà. Tại các nhà máy điện, máy biến thế thường chuyển hiệu điện thế mức trung thế từ máy phát điện (10 kV đến 50 kV) sang mức cao thế (110 kV đến 500 kV hay cao hơn) cho đường dây điện cao thế. Trong truyền tải điện năng với khoảng cách xa, hiệu điện thế càng cao thì hao hụt càng ít.

Ngoài ra còn có các máy biến thế có công suất nhỏ hơn, máy biến áp (ổn áp) dùng để ổn định điện áp trong nhà, hay các cục biến thế, cục xạc, ... dùng cho các thiết bị điện với hiệu điện thế nhỏ (230 V sang 24 V, 12 V, 3 V, ...).

歡迎來到Bewise Inc.的世界,首先恭喜您來到這接受新的資訊讓產業更有競爭力,我們是提供專業刀具製造商,應對客戶高品質的刀具需求,我們可以協助客戶滿足您對產業的不同要求,我們有能力達到非常卓越的客戶需求品質,這是現有相關技術無法比擬的,我們成功的滿足了各行各業的要求,包括:精密HSS DIN切削刀具協助客戶設計刀具流程DIN or JIS 鎢鋼切削刀具設計NAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 航太切削刀具,NAS航太刀具設計超高硬度的切削刀具醫療配件刀具設計複合式再研磨機PCD地板專用企口鑽石組合刀具NSK高數主軸與馬達專業模具修補工具-氣動與電動粉末造粒成型機主機版專用頂級電桿PCD V-Cut捨棄式圓鋸片組粉末成型機主機版專用頂級電汽車業刀具設計電子產業鑽石刀具木工產業鑽石刀具銑刀與切斷複合再研磨機銑刀與鑽頭複合再研磨機銑刀與螺絲攻複合再研磨機等等。我們的產品涵蓋了從民生刀具到工業級的刀具設計;從微細刀具到大型刀具;從小型生產到大型量產;全自動整合;我們的技術可提供您連續生產的效能,我們整體的服務及卓越的技術,恭迎您親自體驗!!

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com www.tool-tool.com skype:willy_chen_bw mobile:0937-618-190 Head &Administration Office No.13,Shiang Shang 2nd St., West Chiu Taichung,Taiwan 40356 http://www.tool-tool.com / FAX:+886 4 2471 4839 N.Branch 5F,No.460,Fu Shin North Rd.,Taipei,Taiwan S.Branch No.24,Sec.1,Chia Pu East Rd.,Taipao City,Chiayi Hsien,Taiwan

Welcome to BW tool world! We are an experienced tool maker specialized in cutting tools. We focus on what you need and endeavor to research the best cutter to satisfy users demand. Our customers involve wide range of industries, like mold & die, aerospace, electronic, machinery, etc. We are professional expert in cutting field. We would like to solve every problem from you. Please feel free to contact us, its our pleasure to serve for you. BW product including: cutting toolaerospace tool .HSS DIN Cutting toolCarbide end millsCarbide cutting toolNAS Cutting toolNAS986 NAS965 NAS897 NAS937orNAS907 Cutting Tools,Carbide end milldisc milling cutter,Aerospace cutting toolhss drillФрезерыCarbide drillHigh speed steelCompound SharpenerMilling cutterINDUCTORS FOR PCDCVDD(Chemical Vapor Deposition Diamond )’PCBN (Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride) Core drillTapered end millsCVD Diamond Tools Inserts’PCD Edge-Beveling Cutter(Golden FingerPCD V-CutterPCD Wood toolsPCD Cutting toolsPCD Circular Saw BladePVDD End Millsdiamond tool. INDUCTORS FOR PCD . POWDER FORMING MACHINE Single Crystal Diamond Metric end millsMiniature end millsСпециальные режущие инструментыПустотелое сверло Pilot reamerFraisesFresas con mango PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) ‘FresePOWDER FORMING MACHINEElectronics cutterStep drillMetal cutting sawDouble margin drillGun barrelAngle milling cutterCarbide burrsCarbide tipped cutterChamfering toolIC card engraving cutterSide cutterStaple CutterPCD diamond cutter specialized in grooving floorsV-Cut PCD Circular Diamond Tipped Saw Blade with Indexable Insert PCD Diamond Tool Saw Blade with Indexable InsertNAS toolDIN or JIS toolSpecial toolMetal slitting sawsShell end millsSide and face milling cuttersSide chip clearance sawsLong end millsend mill grinderdrill grindersharpenerStub roughing end millsDovetail milling cuttersCarbide slot drillsCarbide torus cuttersAngel carbide end millsCarbide torus cuttersCarbide ball-nosed slot drillsMould cutterTool manufacturer.

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

ようこそBewise Inc.の世界へお越し下さいませ、先ず御目出度たいのは新たな

情報を受け取って頂き、もっと各産業に競争力プラス展開。

弊社は専門なエンドミルの製造メーカーで、客先に色んな分野のニーズ

豊富なパリエーションを満足させ、特にハイテク品質要求にサポート致します。

弊社は各領域に供給できる内容は:

(1)精密HSSエンドミルのR&D

(2)Carbide Cutting tools設計

(3)鎢鋼エンドミル設計

(4)航空エンドミル設計

(5)超高硬度エンドミル

(6)ダイヤモンドエンドミル

(7)医療用品エンドミル設計

(8)自動車部品&材料加工向けエンドミル設計

弊社の製品の供給調達機能は:

(1)生活産業~ハイテク工業までのエンドミル設計

(2)ミクロエンドミル~大型エンドミル供給

(3)小Lot生産~大量発注対応供給

(4)オートメーション整備調達

(5)スポット対応~流れ生産対応

弊社の全般供給体制及び技術自慢の総合専門製造メーカーに貴方のご体験を御待ちしております。

Bewise Inc. talaşlı imalat sanayinde en fazla kullanılan ve üç eksende (x,y,z) talaş kaldırabilen freze takımlarından olan Parmak Freze imalatçısıdır. Çok geniş ürün yelpazesine sahip olan firmanın başlıca ürünlerini Karbür Parmak Frezeler, Kalıpçı Frezeleri, Kaba Talaş Frezeleri, Konik Alın Frezeler, Köşe Radyüs Frezeler, İki Ağızlı Kısa ve Uzun Küresel Frezeler, İç Bükey Frezeler vb. şeklinde sıralayabiliriz.

BW специализируется в научных исследованиях и разработках, и снабжаем самым высокотехнологичным карбидовым материалом для поставки режущих / фрезеровочных инструментов для почвы, воздушного пространства и электронной индустрии. В нашу основную продукцию входит твердый карбид / быстрорежущая сталь, а также двигатели, микроэлектрические дрели, IC картонорезальные машины, фрезы для гравирования, режущие пилы, фрезеры-расширители, фрезеры-расширители с резцом, дрели, резаки форм для шлицевого вала / звездочки роликовой цепи, и специальные нано инструменты. Пожалуйста, посетите сайт www.tool-tool.com для получения большей информации.

BW is specialized in R&D and sourcing the most advanced carbide material with high-tech coating to supply cutting / milling tool for mould & die, aero space and electronic industry. Our main products include solid carbide / HSS end mills, micro electronic drill, IC card cutter, engraving cutter, shell end mills, cutting saw, reamer, thread reamer, leading drill, involute gear cutter for spur wheel, rack and worm milling cutter, thread milling cutter, form cutters for spline shaft/roller chain sprocket, and special tool, with nano grade. Please visit our web www.tool-tool.com for more info.