吸波材料介紹

吸波材料一般由基體材料和吸收介質複合而成，能將投射到它表面的電磁波能量吸收，並通過材料的介質損耗使電磁波能量轉化成為熱能或其他形式的能量。好的吸波材料具有質輕、耐溫、耐濕和抗腐蝕等性能，現今電子零件輕薄短小趨勢，其吸波材料發展也朝向”材料薄、重量輕、頻段寬、強度強”等。
吸波材料特性：

• 最大限度地使入射電磁波進入到吸波材料內部，從而減少電磁波的直接反射。
• 吸波材料對入射電磁波能產生有效吸收或衰減，即產生電磁損耗，使電磁波能量轉化為熱能或其他形式能，從而使電磁波在介質中被最大限度地吸收。

吸波材料分類：

• 按研究時期可以分成傳統吸波材料和新型吸波材料
  傳統型按其微波損耗機理分為：電阻型吸波材料、電介質型吸波材料和磁介質型吸波材料。鐵氧體、鈦酸鋇、金屬微粉、石墨、碳化矽、導電纖維等屬傳統吸波材料，它們通常都具有吸收頻帶窄、密度大等缺點。其中鐵氧體吸波材料和金屬微粉吸波材料研究較多，性能也較好。
  新型吸波材料包括：納米材料、多晶鐵纖維、手性材料、導電高聚物吸波材料、等離子體吸波材料和可見光、紅外及雷達兼容吸波材料等。新型吸波材料包括納米材料、手性材料、導電高聚物、多晶鐵纖維及電路模擬吸波材料等，它們具有不同于傳統吸波材料的吸波機理。其中納米材料和多晶鐵纖維是眾多新型吸波材料中性能最好的2種。
• 從吸波原理上可以分成電吸收型、磁吸收型
• 吸波材料大體可以分成塗層型、板材型和結構型
• 從結構上可以分為吸收型、干涉型和諧振型等吸波結構
  吸收型吸波材料本身對雷達波進行吸收損耗，基本類型有複磁導率與複介電常數基本相等的吸收體、阻抗漸變“寬頻”吸收體和衰減表面電流的薄層吸收體；干涉型則是利用吸波層表面和底層兩列反射波的振幅相等相位相反進行干涉相消，如1／4波長“諧振”吸收體，這類材料的缺點是吸收頻帶較窄
• 吸波材料的損耗機制分類
  • 電阻型損耗：此類吸收機制與材料的導電率有關的電阻性損耗，即導電率越大，載流子引起的宏觀電流（包括電場變化引起的電流以及磁場變化引起的渦流）越大，從而有利於電磁能轉化成為熱能。
  • 電介質損耗：它是一類與電極有關的介質損耗吸收機制，即通過介質反復極化產生的“摩擦”作用將電磁能轉化成熱能耗散掉。電介質極化過程包括：電子雲位移極化，極性介質電矩轉向極化，電鐵體電疇轉向極化以及壁位移等。
  • 磁損耗：此類吸收機制是一類與鐵磁性介質的動態磁化過程有關的磁損耗，此類損耗可以細化為：磁滯損耗，旋磁渦流、阻尼損耗以及磁後效效應等，其主要來源是與磁滯機制相似的磁疇轉向、磁疇壁位移以及磁疇自然共振等
• 吸波材料應用：
  吸波材料應用於各類電子產品，如電視、音響、VCD機、電腦、遊戲機、微波爐、移動電話中，可以使電磁波洩露降到國家衛生安全限值（10微瓦每平方釐米）以下，確保人體健康。將其應用于高功率雷達、微波醫療器、微波破碎機，能保護操作人員免受電磁波輻射的傷害。

切削液介紹-切削液的特性及選用

金屬及其合金在切削、成形、處理和保護等過程中使用的潤滑油，統稱為切削液。

Anticlockwise milling and clockwise milling

Milling is one of the most common and most widely used processing methods, and for roughing milling of the various structural components and fine milling is almost by end milling. There are two ways, clockwise and anticlockwise milling, according to the cutting direction. The movement of the cutting edge and work piece is in the opposite direction or same direction, divided into the two kinds of conventional milling and climb milling.

Anticlockwise Milling:
Milling direction and feed in the opposite direction (milling against the feed) is anticlockwise milling; chip caused from the bottom into upper, so we also call it as up milling; Since the traditional processing and milling mostly used this way, so we also called it as conventional milling.

Characteristics of anticlockwise milling:

1. Chip shape is from thin to thick, and cutter afford force from light into heavy, which may prevent the cutter fracture by the impact.
2. Suitable for milling casting black surface.
3. Can be used in the old milling machine, no screw invalid gap movement.
4. More friction, the blade is easy to blunt, short life.
5. Easy shaken, the machined surface is rough, poor machining accuracy.
6. The device is not easy to settle, which is not suitable for milling thin parts.
7. More energy consumption.

---

Clockwise milling:
The milling and feed in the same direction (milling with the feeds) called clockwise milling; Due to cutting action is from no-machining face of work piece into down place (chips from thick into thin), so it is called down milling or climb milling.

Characteristics of climb milling:

1. Chip is from thick into thin, cutter affords force from heavy into light, easy to cause fracture by impact.
2. Not suitable for milling castings, forgings, and the surface of the work piece with fish scale shape.
3. The milling machine shall have a gap eliminator, or easy to produce screw invalid gap movement.
4. Processing less friction, longer life of the cutter edge.
5. Easy chucking, no vibration, and high accuracy of the machined surface.
6. The device is easy to settle, it’s suitable for milling long thin work pieces.
7. Less feed consumption.

In most of the milling case, in addition to the casting of the first milling and old milling Lo-gap chopping device need to use the anticlockwise milling, down milling is better than conventional milling.

切削液介紹-切削液的分類

在金屬切削加工過程中，使用切削液是為了降低切削時的切削力，及時帶走切削區內產生的熱量以降低切削溫度，提高刀具耐用度，從而提高生產效率，改善工件表面粗糙度，保證工件加工精度，達到最佳的經濟效果。
切削液的分類：

• 非水溶性切削液
  主要是切削油。有各種礦物油，如機械油、輕柴油、煤油等；還有動、 植物油，如豆油、豬油等；以及加入油性、極壓添加劑配製的混合油。它主要起潤滑作用。
• 水溶性切削液
  主要成分為水，並加入防銹劑，也可加入適量的表面活性劑和油性添加劑，使其具有一定的潤滑性能。
• 乳化液
  由礦物油、乳化劑及其它添加劑配製的乳化油加95%～98%的水稀釋而成的乳白色切削液，有良好的冷卻性能和清洗作用。

切削液具有的功能性分類：

• 冷卻性能：
  切削液通過它從它所能達到最靠近熱源的刀具、切屑和工件表面上帶走大量的切削熱，從而降低切削溫度，提高刀具耐用度， 並減小工件與刀具的熱膨脹， 提高加工精度。切削液要有較高的熱導率和比熱容，較高的汽化熱。一定的流量和流速。水的冷卻性能最好，油類最差，乳化液介於兩者之間。
• 潤滑性能：
  金屬切削時，切屑、工件與刀具之間的摩擦可分為：乾摩擦、流體潤滑摩擦和邊界潤滑摩擦。切削液滲入到切屑、刀具、工件的接觸面間，粘附在金屬表面上形成潤滑膜，減小它們之間的摩擦係數、減輕粘結現象、 抑制積屑瘤，並改善已加工表面的粗糙度，提高刀具耐用度。潤滑性能取決於切削液的滲透性、吸附薄膜形成能力與強度等。水溶性潤滑劑(聚乙烯醇、甘油)。
• 清洗性能：
  沖走切削中產生的細屑、砂輪脫落下來的微粒等，起到清洗作用， 防止加工表面、機床導軌面受損； 有利於精加工、深孔加工、自動線加工中的排屑。在切削液中採用非離子性表面活性劑(如平平加、太古油)和陰離子表面活性劑(烷基苯磺酸鈉、十二烷基硫酸鈉)進行複配，能起到顯著降低切削液表面張力的作用，達到清洗的目的。
• 防銹性能：
  加入防銹添加劑的切削液，還能在金屬表面上形成保護膜，使機床、工件、刀具免受周圍介質的腐蝕。 切削液的使用效果決定於切削液的類型、形態、用量、使用方法等。水溶性防銹劑品種較多，通常分為有機防銹劑與無機防銹劑兩類。現在一般採用鉬酸鈉（0.05%）替代亞硝酸鈉，以減少污染；和有機防銹劑（硼胺）複合使用，達到很好的防銹效果。
• 還具有防腐蝕性、抗菌性、防垢性、抗泡性、熱穩定性、無毒、無害、無刺激性氣味、不污染環境使用方便等作用。

資料來源：網路彙整

Cutting Reference Data for End Mills of Various Materials

Effective working solution depends on correct cutters, operation method, and technology.

Usual cutting conditions and major influence factors of CNC machines.

	Introduction	Formula
Cutting Data V(m/min)	Cutting speed is decided by the diameter of end mills and its rpm		V=Cutting speed(m/min) D=diameter(mm) N=rpm of one min of end mills(min-1)
Feed speed F(mm/min)	Feed speed is the speed of relative one of work piece. Feed rate per flute is important for multi-flute end mills.		F=Feed speed per minute z= number of flute f= Feed volume per flute
Cutting depth a(mm)	Cutting depth is the thickness of flute machining on work piece. We always increase cutting depth to achieve its efficiency, but it is too deep to short tool life. It’s better to give proper cutting depth per flute, don’t increase feed rate and cutting depth together.	--	--
Feed rate per flue f(mm/刃)	Once a flute to cut	--	--
Cutting width b(mm)	Vibration caused by diameter of end mill, width of work piece, flute numbers, and cutting width.	--	--

Cutting Speed

Work Material	High Speed Steel	Carbide – rough cutting	Carbide – fine cutting
Cast iron (soft)	32	50-60	120-150
Cast iron (hard)	24	30-60	75-100
Malleable cast iron	24	30-75	50-100
Steel (soft)	27	30-75	150
Steel (hard)	15	25	30
Aluminum alloy	150	95-300	300-1200
Yellow Steel (soft)	60	240	180
Yellow Steel (hard)	50	150	300
Bronze	50	75-150	150-240
Copper	50	150-240	240-300
Hard Rubber	60	240	450
Fiber	40	140	200

Feed volume each side

Working Material			Face cutter		End Mill		Spiral flute flat end mill		Side Cutter		Milling Cutter		Metal gap cutter
			HSS	Carbide	HSS	Carbide	HSS	Carbide	HSS	Carbide	HSS	Carbide	HSS	Carbide
Cast Iron	HB150-180		0.4	0.5	0.2	0.25	0.32	0.4	0.23	0.3	0.13	0.15	0.10	0.13
	HB180-220		0.32	0.4	0.18	0.2	0.25	0.32	0.18	0.25	0.1	0.13	0.08	0.1
	HB220-300		0.28	0.3	0.15	0.15	0.20	0.25	0.15	0.18	0.08	0.1	0.08	0.08
Malleable cast iron, Cast iron			0.3	0.35	0.15	0.18	0.25	0.28	0.18	0.2	0.1	0.13	0.08	0.1
Carbon steel	Cutting steel		0.3	0.4	0.15	0.2	0.25	0.32	0.18	0.18	0.23	0.13	0.08	0.1
	Soft steel, Steel		0.25	0.35	0.13	0.18	0.20	0.28	0.15	0.2	0.08	0.1	0.08	0.1
Alloy Steel	Annealing robust steel	HB180-220	0.20	0.35	0.10	0.18	0.18	0.28	0.13	020	0.08	0.1	0.05	0.1
		HB220-300	0.15	0.3	0.08	0.15	0.13	0.25	0.10	0.18	0.05	0.10	0.05	0.08
		HB300-400	0.10	0.25	0.05	0.13	0.08	0.2	0.08	0.15	0.05	0.08	0.03	0.08
	Stainless steel		0.15	0.25	0.08	0.13	0.13	0.20	0.10	0.15	0.05	0.08	0.05	0.08
Al-Mg Alloy			0.55	0.5	0.28	0.25	0.45	040	0.32	0.30	0.18	0.15	0.13	0.13
Brass, Bronze		speedy cutting	0.55	0.5	0.28	0.25	0.45	0.4	0.32	0.3	0.18	0.15	0.13	0.13
		ordinary	0.35	0.30	0.18	0.15	0.28	0.25	0.20	0.18	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.18
		hard	0.23	0.25	0.13	0.13	0.18	0.2	0.15	0.15	0.08	0.08	0.05	0.08
Coppper			0.30	030	0.15	0.15	0.25	0.23	0.18	0.18	0.10	0.10	0.08	0.08
Plastics			0.32	0.38	0.18	0.18	0.25	0.30	0.20	0.23	0.10	0.13	0.08	0.10

The cutter materials and their contrast

This list includes eight cutter materials and their contrast as below:

1. Mono Diamond)
2. CO PCD
3. Si PCD
4. PCBN
5. Si3N4
6. SiC
7. WC
8. Steel

The cutter materials and their contrast
material		Mono Diamond	CO PCD	si PCD	PCBN	Si3N4	SiC	WC	Steel
properties
Density	g/cm3	3.52	3.8~4.10	3.4	4~4.20	3.2	3	15	7.8
Knoop Hadrness	kg/mm2	6000~9000	5000~8000	5000	2700~3200	1800	2200	1500	560
Toughuess	Mpam-2	3.4	6.1~8.9	6.9	4.1~7.2	6.4	4	11	46
Compression Strength	Mpa	2000	7700	4200	3800	6800	7000	5400	1850
Tensile strength	Mpa	2600	1300	600	500	470	400	1100	1760
Thermal Expansion	10-6/°C	0.8~4.8	1.5~3.8	3.8	3.5~4.2	3.5	3.8	4.3~5.6	11.2~14.3
Thermal Conductivity	w/mk	600~1200	560	120	150	30	40	80	50
Friction		0.05~0.10	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.8

BW's popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

The cutting tool for hardening material above HRC50

There are higher requirements and more difficulties for many hardened molds. Hence general carbide cutters cannot reach such request of accuracy. Therefore, it should pay more attention to selection of cutting tools for hardened material.

Since hardening material which HRC is above 50, with higher hardness, the carbide cutter is difficult to meet the processing requirements, it will cause badly wear even break after CNC machining for about ten minutes. General carbide cutters cannot reach the request accuracy because the hardened mold is with higher requirement and difficulty.

Some points for choosing cutters for machining hardened materials as below:

1. Select super micro grain carbide rod and design high rigid tool body to ensure toughness and rigidity of the tool.
2. Select the blade the design of the large helix angle ranging from sub-and four-blade design so that the cutters may reach radial beating with heavy cutting within high-speed and high hardness cutting.
3. Choose carbide cutter with new crystal coating. PVD coating almost cannot be used in high hardness cutting.. the crystal coating may solve it basically about the high temperature / acid resistance / wear / and longer tool life.
4. Cooperate with the powerful tool companies to get their further technical supports and tool configuration, reducing the procurement chain and purchasing costs.

Good carbide cutters with high rigidity of the tool body and new type coating may get high efficiency, precision, and longer tool life. From pre-hardened steel to hardened steel, during high-speed, and high efficient processing; from rough to high precision machining, to achieve a long life; high precision; high quality processing makes it is easier to proceed high-speed and high rigid machining.

Article reference source : NewMaker

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW's popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

Characteristics of Tungsten Carbide Cutter

There are two grades of cemented carbide, tungsten carbide and tungsten steel.

One is pure carbide and anti hole types. Pure carbide contains carbides and cobalt only, with best strength and anti-wear characteristics, and its strength and abrasion resistance will be reduced by adding any other substances, it is usually used for cutting cast iron and non-ferrous metal materials. But the pure carbide cannot endure high temperature, its scrap will stick on the cutter blade face easily during high heat, which causes the flank depression by its diffusion. Carbide added tantalum carbide and titanium carbide is with high temperature resistance because these two ingredients are with higher melting point than tungsten carbide, relatively its strength and anti-ear characteristics are lower than pure carbide.

tungsten steel material properties:

ISO classification	Grade	Usage	Rockwell Hardness	Bending Force	Ingredients
			HRA	(kg/mm2)	W	Co	Ti	Ta	C
P	P01	toughness↓big big↑wear	91.5↑	70↑	30-78	4-8	10-40	0-25	7-3
	P10		91↑	90↑	50-80	4-9	8-20	0-20	7-10
	P20		90↑	110↑	60-83	5-10	5-15	0-15	6-9
	P30		89↑	130↑	70-84	6-12	3-12	0-12	6-8
	P40		88↑	150↑	65-85	7-15	2-10	0-10	6-8
	P50		87↑	170↑	60-83	9-20	2-8	0-8	5-7
M	M10	toughness↓big big↑wear	91↑	100↑	70-86	4-9	3-11	0-11	6-8
	M20		90↑	110↑	70-86	5-11	2-10	0-10	5-8
	M30		89↑	130↑	70-86	6-13	2-9	0-9	5-8
	M40		87↑	160↑	65-85	8-20	1-7	0-7	5-7
K	K01	toughness↓big big↑wear	91.5↑	100↑	83-91	3-6	0-2	0-3	5-7
	K10		90.5↑	120↑	84-90	4-7	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K20		89↑	140↑	83-89	5-8	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K30		88↑	150↑	81-88	6-11	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K40		87↑	160↑	79-87	7-16	--	--	5-6

tungsten steel tool suitability:

ISO classification	Grade	Work Material	Cutting Type	Working Conditions
P	P01	cast steel, steel	Precise turning, precise boring	Apply to cutting high-speed steel and small feed, or require the dimensional accuracy and good surface of the work piece, and work under no vibration state of processing.
	P10	cast steel, steel	turning, by die cutting, thread cutting	High ~ middle speed cutting, Small ~ middle milling area, middle feed or under good processing
	P20	cast steel, steel、malleable iron (Long chip)	Turning, by the die cutting, milling, planning cutting	Middle speed cutting, middle feed power, the most popular one among P series.   Planning feed should be small, with good machining conditions.
	P30	cast steel, steel、malleable iron (Long chip)	turning, milling, planning	Low ~ medium-speed cutting, medium ~ high amount of feed, or the surface hardness of work piece with uneven hardness, changes of feeding, and vibration conditions .
	P40	Steel, cast iron with sand hole	turning, planning	low-speed cutting, large amount of feed, and under the worst processing conditions
	P50	low to middle tensile strength steel	turning, planning	low-speed cutting, large amount of feed, and under the worst processing conditions
		cast iron with sand hole	turning, planning	low-speed cutting, large amount of feed, and under worse processing conditions than P40
M	M10	steel, cast steel, cast iron	turning	medium to high-speed cutting, small to medium amount of feed, or under the better processing conditions, for cutting steel and cast iron materials.
		High manganese steel, Eos Tiantie Gang, special cast iron	turning	Medium to high-speed cutting, small to medium amount of feed, or under the better conditions.
	M20	steel, cast steel, cast iron	turning, planning	Middle speed milling, medium feed, or under bad processing conditions, for cutting steel and cast iron materials.
		Eos Tiantie Gang, special cast iron, high manganese steel	turning, planning	Medium speed milling, middle feed,, or cut under a good processing conditions.
	M30	steel, cast steel, cast iron, Oswald Tiantie Gang, special cast iron, heat-resistant steel	turning, milling, breaking	Medium speed milling, middle to large amount of feed, or thick rough material and material with sand holes, welding materials, under worse processing conditions than M20.
	M40	cutting steel, non-ferrous metal	turning, breaking	High speed cutting, middle to large amount of feed, complex shape of the cutting edge, it’s the M Series most needed toughness cutting processing conditions.
K	K01	cast iron	precision turning, precision honing, fine milling	High speed cutting, small amount of feed, under good cutting conditions without vibration.
	K10	chilled cast iron, hard cast iron, hardened steel	turning	very low speed cutting, small amount of feed, under good cutting conditions without vibration.
		High silicon aluminum alloy, ceramics, asbestos, cardboard, graphite,		Cutting under good cutting conditions without vibration.
		cast iron above HB200, malleable iron (long cutting)	turning, milling, honing cutting, broaching, reaming	Middle speed cutting, small amount of feed, widely used for K series, or under vibration-free machining conditions.
		chilled steel	turning	low-speed cutting, small amount of feed or under cutting conditions of smaller vibration.
		silicon-aluminum alloy, hard copper alloy, hard rubber, glass, porcelain, plastics		under cutting conditions of smaller vibration.
	K20	Cast iron belowHB220	turning, milling, planning, reaming, drilling	Middle speed cutting, medium to large amount of feed, used for general machining or request of the powerful the wayward processing conditions
		Non ferrous metal materials		Request under powerful the wayward processing conditions
	K30	low tensile strength steel, low hardness cast iron	turning, milling, planning	low speed cutting, small amount of feed, under better processing conditions.
	K40	non-ferrous metal of low hardness materials, wood	turning, milling, planning	cutting under the conditions worse than K30

---

Reference Information Source: tool designed Huang Rongwen

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW's popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

不銹鋼加工

由於不銹鋼所具有耐蝕能力，並在較高溫度(>450℃)下具有較高的強度特性，越來越廣泛地應用於航空、航太、化工、石油、建築和食品等工業部門及日常生活中。所含的合金元素對切削加工性影響很大，有的甚至很難切削。

不銹鋼切削加工特性：

1. 加工硬化嚴重
2. 切削力大
3. 切削溫度高
4. 切屑不易折斷、易粘結
5. 刀具易磨損
6. 線膨脹係數大

不銹鋼加工原則：

1. 選用合理的刀具材料
2. 改善切削條件
3. 選擇合理的切削用量
4. 合理設計刀具結構及刀具幾何參數
5. 選用適當的切削液和供液方法

各加工方式加工應對：

	鑽孔加工	鉸孔加工	鏜孔加工
工件材質	不銹鋼
刀具幾何參數設計	切削力及切削溫度均集中在鑽尖上，為提高鑽頭切削部位的耐用度，頂角一般選135°～140°，鑽頭的橫刃變寬，造成切削阻力增大，因而必須對鑽頭橫刃進行修磨，修磨後橫刃的斜角為47°～55°，橫刃前角為3°～5°，修磨橫刃時，應將切削刃與圓柱面轉角處修磨成圓角，以增加橫刃強度，後角應以12°～15°為宜，需要在鑽頭兩個後刀面上開交錯分佈的分屑槽。	為增強刀齒強度並防止鉸削時產生切屑堵塞現象，鉸刀齒數一般比較少。鉸刀前角一般為8°～12°，但在某些特定情況，為了實現高速鉸削，也可採用0°～5°前角；後角一般為8°～12°；主偏角的選擇視孔的不同而異，一般情況下通孔為15°～30°，不通孔為45°；鉸孔時為了使切屑向前排出，也可適當增加刃傾角角度，刃傾角角度一般為10°～20°；刃帶寬度為0.1～0.15mm；鉸刀上倒錐應較普通鉸刀大，硬質合金鉸刀一般為0.25～0.5mm/100mm，高速鋼鉸刀為0.1～0.25mm/100mm	為使切削輕快、順利，硬質合金刀具宜採用較大的前角，以提高刀具壽命。一般粗加工時，前角取10°～20°，半精加工時取15°～20°；精加工時取20°～30°。主偏角的選擇依據是，當工藝系統剛性良好時，可取30°～45°；剛性差時，則取60～75°，當工件長度與直徑之比超過10倍時，可取90°。陶瓷刀具均採用負前角進行切削。前角大小一般選應－5°～－12°。這樣有利於加強刀刃，充分發揮陶瓷刀具抗壓強度較高的優越性。後角大小直接影響刀具磨損，對刀刃強度也有影響，一般選用5°～12°。主偏角的改變會影響徑向切削分力與軸向切削分力的變化以及切削寬度和切削厚度的大小。因為工藝系統的振動對陶瓷刀具極為不利，所以主偏角的選擇要有利於減少這種振動，一般選取30°～75°。選用CBN作為刀具材料時，刀具幾何參數為前角0°～10°，後角12°～20°，主偏角45°～90°。前刀面刃磨時粗糙度值要小，刀具刃口應保持鋒利，以減少加工硬化，注意斷屑槽的磨削。
刀具材料選擇	採用硬質合金刀具，可採用金屬陶瓷材料刀具	粗鉸時應採用硬質合金刀具，精鉸時可採用高速鋼刀具，可採用金屬陶瓷材料刀具	刀具材料應儘量選擇強度高、導熱性好的YW或YG類硬質合金。精加工時也可使用YT14及YT15硬質合金刀片。批量加工上述材料零件時，可採用金屬陶瓷材刀具，及採用CBN（立方氮化硼）刀片，
切削用量選擇	切削用量的選擇應從降低切削溫度的基本點出發，一般情況下，切削速度以12～15m/min較為合適。進給量選擇太小將會使刀具在硬化層內切削，加劇磨損；而進給量如果太大，又會使表面粗糙度變差。綜合上述兩個因素，進給量選擇為0.32～0.50mm/r為宜。	進給量為0.08～0.4mm/r，切削速度為10～20m/min，粗鉸餘量一般為0.2～0.3mm，精鉸餘量為0.1～0.2mm。	加工時宜選用低速和較大進給量進行切削。由於陶瓷刀具有優越的耐熱性和耐磨性，切削用量對刀具磨損壽命的影響比硬質合金刀具要小。一般情況下，用陶瓷刀具加工時，進給量對刀具的破損影響最為敏感，盡可能選擇高的切削速度、較大的背吃刀量和比較小的進給量。
切削液選擇	可採用乳化液作為冷卻介質	可採用全損耗系統用油或二硫化鉬作為冷卻介質	在鏜削中選用抗粘結和散熱性好的切削液相當重要，如選用含氯較高的切削液，以及具有良好冷卻、清洗、防銹和潤滑作用的不含礦物油、不含亞酸鹽的水溶液，如H1L－2合成切削液。

資料來源：網路彙整

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。

碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。

機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。

碧威是在刀具製造及機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

不銹鋼標準鋼號對照表

不銹鋼通俗地說，不銹鋼就是不容易生銹的鋼，實際上一部分不銹鋼，既有不鏽性，又有耐酸性（耐蝕性）。不鏽鋼的不鏽性和耐蝕性是由於其表面上富鉻氧化膜（鈍化膜）的形成。由於不銹鋼材具有優異的耐蝕性、成型 性、相容性以及在很寬溫度範圍內的強韌性等系列特點，所以在重工業、輕工業、生活用品行業以及建築裝 飾等行業中獲取得廣泛的應用。上一篇”不鏽鋼介紹”有更詳細介紹，此篇介紹各種不銹鋼標準鋼號對照表。

不銹鋼標準鋼號對照表:

中國 GB1220-92[84] GB3220-92[84]	日本 JIS	美國 AISI UNS	英國 BS 970 Part4 BS 1449 Part2	德國 DIN 17440 DIN 17224
1Cr17Mn6Ni5N	SUS201	201	--	--
1Cr18Mn8Ni5N	SUS202	202	--	--
--	--	S20200	284S16	--
2Cr13Mn9Ni4	--	--	--	--
1Cr17Ni7	SUS301	301	--	--
--	--	S30100	301S21	X12CrNi177
1Cr17Ni8	SUS301J1	--	--	X12CrNi177
1Cr18Ni9	SUS302	302	302S25	X12CrNi188
1Cr18Ni9Si3	SUS302B	302B	--	--
Y1Cr18Ni9	SUS303	303	303S21	X12CrNiS188
Y1Cr18Ni9Se	SUS303Se	303Se	303S41	--
0Cr18Ni9	SUS304	304	304S15	X2CrNi89
00Cr19Ni10	SUS304L	304L	304S12	X2CrNi189
0Cr19Ni9N	SUS304N1	304N	--	--
00Cr19Ni10NbN	SUS304N	XM21	--	--
00Cr18Ni10N	SUS304LN	--	--	X2CrNiN1810
1Cr18Ni12	SUS305	S30500	305S19	X5CrNi1911
[0Cr20Ni10]	SUS308	308	--	--
0Cr23Ni13	SUS309S	309S	--	--
0Cr25Ni20	SUS310S	310S	--	--
0Cr17Ni12Mo2N	SUS315N	316N,S31651	--	--
0Cr17Ni12Mo2	SUS316	316	316S16	X5CrNiMo1812
00Cr17Ni14Mo2	SUS316L	316L	316S12	X2CrNiMo1812
0Cr17Ni12Mo2N	SUS316N	316N	--	--
00Cr17Ni13Mo2N	SUS316LN	--	--	X2CrNiMoN1812
0Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti	--	--	320S17	X10CrNiMo1810
0Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2	SUS316J1	--	--	--
00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2	SUS316J1L	--	--	--
0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti	--	--	--	--
1Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti	--	--	--	--
0Cr19Ni13Mo3	SUS317	317	317S16	--
00Cr19Ni13Mo3	SUS317L	317L	317S12	X2CrNiMo1816
0Cr18Ni16Mo5	SUS317J1	--	--	--
0Cr18Ni11Ti	SUS321	321	--	X10CrNiTi189
1Cr18Ni9Ti	--	--	--	--
0Cr18Ni11Nb	SUS347	347	347S17	X10CrNiNb189
0Cr18Ni13Si4	SUSXM15J1	XM15	--	--
0Cr18Ni9Cu3	SUSXM7	XM7	--	--
1Cr18Mn10NiMo3N	--	--	--	--
1Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti	--	--	320S17	X10CrNiMoTi1810
00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2	--	S31500	--	3RE60(瑞典)
0Cr26Ni5Mo2	SUS329J1	--	--	--
1Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi	--	--	--	--
1Cr21Ni5Ti	--	--	--	--
0Cr13	SUS410S	S41000	--	X7Cr13
1Cr13	SUS410	410	410S21	X10Cr13
2Cr13	SUS420J1	420	420S29	X20Cr13
--	--	S4200	420S27	--
3Cr13	SUS420J2	--	420S45	--
3Cr13Mo	--	--	--	--
3Cr16	SUS429J1	--	--	--
1Cr17Ni2	SUS431	431	431S29	X22CrNi17
7Cr17	SUS440A	440A	--	--
11Cr17	SUS440C	440C	--	--
8Cr17	SUS440B	44013	--	--
1Cr12	--	--	--	--
4Cr13	SUS420J2	--	--	X4DCr13
9Cr18	SUS440C	440C	--	X105CrMo17
9Cr18Mo	SUS440C	440C	--	--
9Cr18MoV	SUS440B	440B	--	X90CrMoV18
0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb	SUS630	630	--	--
0Cr17Ni7Al	SUS631	631	--	--
--	--	S17700	--	X7CrNiAl177
0Cr15Ni7Mo2Al	--	632	--	--
--	--	S15700	--	--
00Cr12	SUS410	--	--	--
0Cr13Al[00Cr13Al]	SUS405	405	--	--
--	--	S40500	405S17	X7CrAl13
1Cr15	SUS429	429	--	--
1Cr17	SUS430	430	--	--
--	--	S43000	430S15	X8Cr17
[Y1Cr17]	SUS430F	430F	--	--
--	--	S43020	--	X12CrMoS17
00Cr17	SUS430LX	--	--	--
1Cr17Mo	SUS434	434	--	--
--	--	S43400	434S19	X6CrMo17
00Cr17Mo	SUS436L	--	--	--
00Cr18Mo2	SUS444	--	--	--
00Cr27Mo	SUSXM27	XM27	--	--
--	--	S44625	--	--
00Cr30Mo2	SUS447J1	--	--	--
1Cr12	SUS403	403,S40300	403S17	--
1Cr13Mo	SUS410J1	--	--	--

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。

碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。

機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。

碧威是在刀具製造及機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

不銹鋼專用切削刀具-金屬陶瓷銑刀

許多難加工材料應用廣泛，其中難加工材料，如不銹鋼中Cr和Ni含量較高，Cr雖能提高不銹鋼的強度和韌性，但增加了不銹鋼與刀具的粘結傾向；Ni可起到穩定組織的作用，但組織塑性大，容易引起加工硬化，採用鎢鈷類硬質合金刀具進行加工，但加工效果並不十分理想。

碧威不銹鋼專用切削刀具是以最新金屬陶瓷材料製作而成，針對成分內含鎳18%以上的難切削材而開發，擁有更好的抗折強度及濕式切削，加工時有更優越的耐損性和穩定性，在加工不銹鋼切削壽命更是鎢鋼刀具5倍以上且在切削表面具有優異的表現。

金屬陶瓷材質刀具切削特性：

• 濕式切削加工時，能具有穩定的切削性能（耐熱衝擊性的提昇）
• 較優越於以往奈米鎢鋼材料種類的耐損性和耐摩耗性

金屬陶瓷材質刀具切削特性：

• 切削刃有再磨自銳效應
• 化學性能穩定性
• 刀片上無浸潤效應
• 刀具其他部分材料向切削轉移可以忽略不計等也是其優點
• Co用作金屬粘結物，取代了Ni與Co混合物，無污染
• 更高的加工安全性
• 應用領域更廣闊
• 保持表面光潔度與精度的能力更強
• 斷續加工能力加強

不同材質刀具之切削測試:

切削方式：不加油、水、切削液（乾式切削）及常溫下切削等條件

切削材料	不銹鋼
材料尺寸	100*100mm
主軸轉速	5000
進給速率	600
切削總長	850mm

2刃平銑刀/HSS Co 8%-HSS刀具切削刀痕金相圖

4刃圓鼻銑刀/奈米鎢鋼-鎢鋼刀具切削刀痕金相圖

4刃平銑刀/極細超微粒鎢鋼-鎢鋼刀具切削刀痕金相圖

4刃圓鼻銑刀/超微粒鎢鋼-鎢鋼刀具切削刀痕金相圖

金屬陶瓷材質刀具之切削測試:

切削方式：不加油、水、切削液（乾式切削）及常溫下切削等條件

刀具規格：直徑8mm/R0.5/刃長20mm/全長60mm/螺旋角35度

切削材料	不銹鋼
材料尺寸	100*100mm
主軸轉速	5000
進給速率	600
切削總長	3400mm

金屬陶瓷刀具切削後初期刀痕金相圖

金屬陶瓷刀具切削後期刀痕金相圖

金屬陶瓷刀具介紹測試報告

不鏽鋼介紹

不鏽鋼（Inox）不像普通鋼那樣容易腐蝕生鏽。鉻是使不銹鋼獲得耐蝕性 的基本元素，鋼中加入鉻、鎳使其表面會產生防鏽的氧化膜，從而保護鋼材本身受到外界環境中的空氣（尤指氧氣 ）、水、某些酸、鹼的氧化腐蝕，為了保持不銹鋼所固有的耐腐蝕性，鋼必須含有 12%以上的鉻，除鉻外，常用的合金元素還有鎳、鉬、鈦、鈮、銅、氮等，以滿足各種用途對不銹鋼組織 和性能的要求。
不銹鋼按組織狀態分類 :

	鐵素體不銹鋼	奧氏體不銹鋼	奧氏體 - 鐵素體 雙相不銹鋼	馬氏體不銹鋼
主要成分	含鉻12％～30％。其耐蝕性、韌性和可焊性隨含鉻量的增加而提高，	含鉻大於18％，還含有 8％左右的鎳及少量鉬、鈦、氮等元素。	奧氏體和鐵素體組織各約占一半的不銹鋼。在含C較低的情況下，Cr含量在18%~28%，Ni 含量在3%~10%。有些鋼還含有Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti，N等合金元素。	鉻含量不低於12%(一般在12%~18%)，碳含量較高
特性	耐氯化物應力腐蝕性能優於其他種類不銹鋼。屬於這一類的有鐵素體不銹鋼因為含鉻量 高，耐腐蝕性能與抗氧化性能均比較好，但機械性能與工藝性能較差，多用於受力不大的耐酸結構及作抗氧化鋼使 用。	綜合性能好，可耐多種介質腐蝕。0Cr19Ni9鋼的wC＜0.08%，鋼號中標記為“0”。這類 鋼中含有大量的Ni和Cr，使鋼在室溫下呈奧氏體狀態。這類鋼具有良好的塑性、韌性、焊接性和耐蝕性能。	兼有奧氏體和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點，與鐵素體相比，塑性、韌性更高，無室溫脆性，耐 晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著提高，同時還保持有鐵素體不銹鋼的475℃脆性以及導熱係數高，具有超塑性等特點 。	強度高，但塑性和可焊性較差。 因含碳較高，故具有較高的強度、硬度和耐磨性，但耐 蝕性稍差，用於力學性能要求較高、耐蝕性能要求一般的一些零件上，如彈簧、汽輪機葉片、水壓機閥等。這類鋼 是在淬火、回火處理後使用的。
常用鋼號	Crl7、Cr17Mo2Ti、Cr25、Cr25Mo3Ti、Cr28等。	1Cr18Ni9、0Cr19Ni9等。	14Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi、022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N、12Cr21Ni5Ti等	1Cr13、3Cr13等

不銹鋼一般特性：

• 表面美觀以及使用可能性多樣化
• 耐腐蝕性能好，比普通鋼長久耐用
• 耐腐蝕性好
• 強度高，因而薄板使用的可能性大
• 耐高溫氧化及強度高，因此能夠抗火災
• 常溫加工，即容易塑性加工
• 因為不必表面處理，所以簡便、維護簡單
• 清潔，光潔度高
• 焊接性能好

不銹鋼切削加工特性

1. 加工硬化嚴重：在不銹鋼中，以奧氏體和奧氏體+鐵素體不銹鋼的加工硬 化現象最為突出。不銹鋼的塑性大，塑性變形時品格歪扭，強化係數很大且奧氏體不夠穩定，在切削應力的作用下 ，部分奧氏體會轉變為馬氏體；再加上化合物雜質在切削熱的作用下，易於分解呈彌散分佈，使切削加工時產生硬 化層。前一次進給或前一道工序所產生的加工硬化現象嚴重影響後續工序的順利進行。
2. 切削力大：不銹鋼在切削過程中塑性變形大，尤其是奧氏體不銹鋼(其伸 長率超過45號鋼的1.5倍以上)，使切削力增加。同時，不銹鋼的加工硬化嚴重，熱強度高，進一步增大了切削抗力 ，切屑的捲曲折斷也比較困難。
3. 切削溫度高：切削時塑性變形及與銑刀間的摩擦都很大，產生的切削熱多；加上不銹鋼的 導熱係數約為45號鋼的?～?，大量切削熱都集中在切削區和刀—屑接觸的介面上，散熱條件差。
4. 切屑不易折斷、易粘結：不銹鋼的塑性、韌性都很大，車加工時切屑連綿不斷，不僅影響操 作的順利進行，切屑還會擠傷已加工表面。在高溫、高壓下，不銹鋼與其他金屬的親和性強，易產生粘附現象，並 形成積屑瘤，既加劇刀具磨損，又會出現撕扯現象而使已加 工表面惡化。含碳量較低的馬氏體不銹鋼的這一特點更為明顯。
5. 刀具易磨損：切削不銹鋼過程中的親和作用，使刀 —屑間產生粘結、擴散，從而使刀具產生粘結磨損、擴散磨損，致使刀具前刀面產生月牙窪，切削刃還會形成 微小的剝落和缺口；加上不銹鋼中的碳化物(如TiC)微粒硬度很高，切削時直接與刀具接觸、摩擦，擦傷刀具，還有 加工硬化現象，均會使刀具磨損加劇。
6. 線膨脹係數大：不銹鋼的線膨脹係數約為碳素鋼的1.5倍，在切削溫度作 用下，工件容易產生熱變形，尺寸精度較難控制。

How to choose woodworking cutters?--part2

Selection of woodworking cutters

1. identify the main technical parameters of the cutter
   Main parameters:outer diameter, machining thickness, and the center diameter.
   Other technical parameters: number of teeth, the direction of rotation, rotation speed, feed rate, clamping way, and cutter material.
2. Choose the structure type of cutter
   According the request and characteristics of cutting object, and consideration from both the technical and economic aspects, select the whole cutters or welding cutters, assembly cutters, and combination cutter.
3. The choice of the cutter rotation direction
   Cutter rotation direction is determined in accordance with the direction of rotation of the processing machinery spindle and the tool axis and the feed of the work piece relative position of the whole cutter, or assembling cutter, the inclination of the cutting blade relative to cutter radius determines the rotation of the cutter direction.
4. Selection of cutting amount of end mills
   Cutting amount of end mills are including cutting speed, feed speed of work material, and depth of milling. Cutting speed depends on the rpm and the radius of the end mills .. feed rate depends on the requirements of cutting surface .. the surface roughness of work material largely depends on the feed rate per tooth during cutting process, too much feed will cause too rough surface of work piece; too small feed will cause burnt phenomenon on the surface, so the feed rate must be appropriate.
5. Operation stability of end mills
   The stability of the cutter operation is to ensure that the basis of the machining accuracy and surface quality .. including two aspects: one is cutter excited vibration in machining due to external forces; the other is that cutter happens deformation by external forces.
6. Safety of milling process
   The safety of the milling cutter includes the limitation of rotation speed, the limitation of chip thickness, height restrictions of molding cutter contour and the thickness of assembly cutter, and stretched limit.
   Cutting timber is characterized by high speed cutting, the rotation speed of the milling cutters mostly above 3000 rpm. High speed cutting for timber brings high productivity and smooth surface .., it also brings a series of security problems. Therefore, when the spindle speed up to 9000 rpm, besides the cutter which diameter smaller than 16mm, it should prohibit to use assembly cutters and do strict testing and inspection for welding cutter.
   It is necessary to limit chip thickness for avoiding overload of cutters. For end mills, the clamping method, cutter height, and thickness of work piece are with close relationship. When you ensure the thickness of work piece, mill diameter, and center diameter, the height of cutter reflects its own strength, stiffness, and capacity of cutting resistance. The height must be limited to ensure the safety of cutter usage.
   The design point of welding end mills is clamping problem. No matter the body is cylindrical or disc-type, the blade clamp form must be guaranteed to provide sufficient clamping force to resist rotation centrifugal force .

Reference sources – China Timber Net

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW's popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

超精密研磨拋光技術

超精密加工是指加工誤差小於0.01μm、表面粗糙度小於Ra0.02μm 的加工，又稱之為亞微米級加工。現在，超精密加工已進入納米級，稱之為納米加工。用於製造高精度高表面品質的零件，如大型積體電路的矽片，不僅要求極高的平面度，極小的表面粗糙度，而且要求表面無變質層、無劃傷。光學平晶、量塊、石英振子基片平面，除要求極高平面度、極小表面粗糙度外，還要求兩端面嚴格平行。

拋光研磨方法：

研磨方法	磨料	研磨工具	研磨液	研磨方式	加工機理	加工對象
超精密研磨	各種維細磨料	鑄鐵 玻璃 陶瓷	機油 煤油 水溶液	手工研磨 機械研磨	以磨料的機械作用為去除加工余量	各種形位及尺寸精度高的硬脆材料零件
超精密拋光	各種微細磨料、軟質磨料	軟質研具、瀝青等	過濾水或蒸餾水	透鏡、平鏡研磨機，帶修整輪，加工運動平穩		光學零件、石英振子、玻璃等
液中研磨 、拋光	微細磨料	合成樹脂	過濾水或蒸餾水	研磨運動在液體中進行	以磨料的機械作用為主，加上液體的冷卻，分散磨料作用	矽片等電子材料
化學研磨 、拋光	微細磨料	無紡織等	純水或水溶液	研磨壓力大研磨速度高	以磨料的機械作用去除化學反應生成物	矽等
	軟質磨料	玻璃板				藍寶石基板

機械作用的超精密研磨：

超精密研磨種類	加工原理
機械研磨	依靠微細磨粒的機械作用對被加工表面進行微量去除，達到高精度的加工表面。
彈性發射加工	加工時使用聚氨脂球作加工頭，在高速旋轉的加工頭與被加工工件表面之間加上含有微細磨粒（0.1～0.01μm）的研磨液，並產生一定的壓力。通過高速旋轉的加工頭所產生的高速氣流及離心力，使磨粒衝擊或擦過工件表面，產生彈性破壞物質的原子結合，從而去除工件表面的材料。
浮動研磨	利用流體力學原理使拋光器與工件浮離，在拋光器的工件表面做出了若干楔槽，當拋光器高速旋轉時，由於油楔的動壓作用使工件或拋光器浮起，其間的磨粒就對工件表面進行拋光。
磁力研磨	磁力研磨是利用磁場將磁性磨料聚集在工件與磁極間之工作間隙內，這些聚集的磁性磨料在磁場的作用下形成一束撓性的磁力刷（magnetic brush），同時產生研磨壓力作用在工件表面上，再藉由工件的旋轉與軸向振動，使磁性磨粒與工件表面之間產生相對運動，而達到精密拋光的效果
電解磁力研磨	電流電壓的陽極接工件，陰極接工具，陰極接欲去除毛刺的工件部位。電解液由泵驅動後經陰極流過陽極工件的毛刺部位到達回流槽。工件以一定的速度旋轉，同時作軸向振動。在垂直於工件軸線及電力線的平面方向上加直流強磁場，在磁場中填入游離狀的磁性磨料，由磁磨料組成的“磨料刷”快速衝擊件表面，去除突起的毛刺和實現光整加工。
ELID研磨	電子零件等功能材料之進步是有目共睹的，但對於各種素材零件之加工精度要求則是愈來愈嚴格。其加工技巧之磨料加工技術的研磨、拋光方面，對於高效率、高精度、高品位、超精密、自動化等之期望也很高，滿足其要求的加工技術之一為ELID研磨法。  ELID研磨法為金屬結合砂輪的削銳方法之一，利用電氣化學作用所產生之電解溶出現象，在研磨加工中也可以連續地進行削銳，以保持穩定的銳利度。

機械+化學作用的超精密研磨：

超精密研磨種類	加工原理
化學機械研磨(CMP)	CMP 指化學機械研磨 (Chemical Mechanical Polishing)，或稱為化學機械平坦化 (Chemical Mechanical Planarization)。研磨液會與基材產生化學反應，反應生成物以力作用方式去除。利用作用力促進化學反應。
機械化學拋光(MCP)	磨料和基材之間由於力作用產生化學反應，在表面形成反應生成物，以力作用方式去除。利用作用力促進化學反應。
超音波振動研磨	超音波震動工具頭的端面與工件表面保持一固定的間隙δ，並在其間充以微細磨粒工作液，當超音波振動工具以一定的頻率振動時，帶動微細磨粒衝擊工件表面，從而對工件表面進行研磨。

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。
碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。
機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。
碧威是在

How to choose woodworking cutters?--part1

Basis of woodworking cutter

1. nature of working material
   There are hard wood and wood composites material. And it may be divided into soft wood, hard wood and modified wood; wood composite materials, including plywood, laminated veneer lumber, particleboard, oriented strand board, wafer board, gypsum particle board, cement particle board, hardboard, medium density fiberboard, high density fiberboard, block board, glued timber, etc. Wood or wood composite work piece are needed to process the single-or double-sided decorative veneer progress.
2. the cutting direction
   According to the cutting blade and relative direction of the wood, it is divided into vertical, horizontal, side and vertical side, aspect and cross-side cutting.
   
3. rotation direction and feed direction of cutter
   In accordance with the rotation of the machine tool axis direction and wood work piece feeding direction, determine the direction of the tool blade tilt.
4. the cutter and the stability of work piece
   Include several aspects of the tool and the work piece in the cutting process stability, the stability means smooth and no beating during process. The solution is reducing the center gravity of work piece and increasing the contact area.
5. quality request of working surface
   Surface quality including surface roughness, geometric size and accuracy of shape position.

Reference sources – China Timber Net

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW's popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

曲軸拋光研磨加工

曲軸在發動機內是一個高速旋轉的長軸，其受力條件相當複雜，除了旋轉品質的離心力外，還承受 週期性變化的氣體壓力和往復慣性力的共同作用，為保證工作穩定性，曲軸必須要有足夠的強度和剛度，各工作表面要耐 磨而且潤滑良好。

曲軸的典型加工順序為：

銑兩端面→鑽中心孔→粗車→精車→銑削→熱處理→磨削加工等。

曲軸工件表面在磨削加工以後，出現不穩定的表面層會在每個軸頸和圓角處，造成曲軸壽命的縮減，利用 曲軸砂帶拋光加工技術，在確保工件精度和尺寸精度的前提下，去掉不穩定的表面層，以形成正常尺寸的油膜厚度及具有 良好的油膜剛性。

曲軸砂帶拋光在加工中，選擇合適的砂帶是保證拋光加工的關鍵，砂帶通常採用靜電植砂方式，每顆砂粒都 有最佳的定位方向，以形成鋒利的砂刃。砂帶的切削過程分為磨削和拋光 兩個階段，在加工初期，砂帶起的是磨削作用，在工件旋轉和軸向位移的複合 運動中，將表面磨痕的谷峰磨平，隨著砂粒微刃被磨平，切削力隨之增大，砂粒被剝離基帶，同較粘稠的拋光介質形成研 磨劑，這時加工由磨削轉入拋光階段。

細微性分佈均勻，棱角向上，可 以保持均勻持續的切削力以及最佳的表面精度。

在對曲軸表面進行拋光時，拋光加工不會由表面張力和微觀裂紋而形成軟表皮，能更確切地所是顯露出 本來的組織結構，並且明顯改善了曲軸零件的性能。通過砂帶拋光，使工件表面形成一種由相互交錯規則的網紋組成的平 臺結構，這種結構有利於不同元件的配合精度。這些網紋可吸納潤滑液，並改善曲軸零件的摩擦性能。

此外，特別對鑄造工件來講要去除所謂的薄殼層，但在經過磨削後，此薄殼層將鑄造氣孔封閉了，從而 導致在發動機運行時加劇磨損，通過砂帶拋光可去除薄殼層，並使氣孔的邊緣倒圓，因而不會撕破已形成的油膜。

參考資料來源: 曲軸加工工藝、曲??光技?的?展 文章

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。

碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。

機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。

碧威是在刀具製造及機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

Cutter selection Part-2

Following on last introduction of end mill selection, now we continue to introduce the classification of cutter shape and application.

There are square end mill, side cutter, angle cutter, shape cutter, end mill, T-slot cutter, semi-moon key seat cutter, dovetail cutter , as well as face milling cutter.

1. Plain milling cutter： Make cutting edge from a cylindrical rod to mill the plane of work piece, that we called flat cutter .. a cutting flute parallel to axis which is proper for light milling, because all the chips will be into the chip slot which will make the cutter beat, it is not suitable for heavy cutting ..) diagram and (c) diagram of the cutting edge of the spiral can have more than one cutting edge contact with the face milling cutting situation, so it’s more stable ..) diagram of the spiral angle have a better cutting effect since its helix is bigger, and it may reduce the milling vibration, resulting in a smooth surface, it can be used in heavy cutting or machining hard materials ..) helix angle is smaller, which is suitable for cutting middle amount of milling or fine cutting surface of work piece.
   

   (a)Light cutting plain milling cutter	(b)Heavy cutting plain milling cutter	(c)Finishing cutting plain milling cutter

2. Side milling cutter： Side cutter names from its side with cutting edge, divided into flat side milling cutter, hemi-cutter, staggered blade side cutter and interlocking side cutter four types according to the distribution of blades, as below, The flat side milling cutter (as shown in (a)) with edges in circumference and both sides of the blade can be used to slot, mill plane and ride milling. Hemi-cutter (as shown (b) below) with edges on the circumference and single side, which is good for heavy milling.. the blade could be on the left or right, so if the left and right side of the cutter, in the middle set a flat cutter, you can make milling work. Turn staggered cutting edge on both sides of the surface, said helix angle relative staggered blade side cutter (see the (c) below), allows milling force to reduce vibration and beat, always used in high-speed groove and deep feed milling. The following diagram (d) shows the interlocking side cutter, combine the left and right side of the cutter and the blades of both sides is also relatively, which axial thrust offset each other to do right groove milling work .
   

   (a)Flat side milling cutter	(b)Hemi-cutter	(c)Staggered blade side cutter	(d)Interlocking side cutter

3. Angular cutter： Cutting edge is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the cutter axis called the angle cutters .. unilateral angle cutters and bilateral angle cutters, as shown below, used for milling angular surfaces, such as the V-shaped groove slot, serrated, beveled and hinged blade teeth.
   Unilateral angle cutters cutting edge cutting edge of the cone surface, flat on the cutting edge is the cutter cone into perspective, but also in the left or right side (as shown in a) .. term point of view; bilateral angle cutters, cutting edge on the two intersect the cone on both sides of the angle can be equal or not equal (as shown below (b) below) .. edge angle are equal while the angle of the size of the call.
   

   (a)Unilateral angle cutters	(b)Bilateral angle cutters

4. Metal slitting saw： For milling slots or cutting metal, shown as below:
   
   
5. Formed cutter： According to shape of cutting edge, milling its the opposite shape of the work piece, suitable for mass production, shown three popular types as below:
   

   (a)Convex-type cutter	(b)Concave cutter	(c)Gear-type cutter

6. End mill： Cutting edge on the face and on the periphery of the end mill. Just like drill bit and erection of flat end mills, hence it is often used in milling plane, groove, and contour.
   
7. T-slot cutter： Cutting edges in the both sides and the circumferential surface, and has a standard taper shank into the connector then put into the spindle .. cutters or side cutters milling a vertical slot on the work piece, and then use the T-slot cutters at the bottom milling to create a wide horizontal slot, it’s the T-slot.
   
   
8. Woodruff keyseat cutter： Similar to the side milling cutter, but only with cutting edges on the circumferential surface, and it has a handle, used for milling half-moon shape key set of work piece.
   
   
9. Dovetail milling cutter： For machining dovetail set and groove.
   
   
10. Face milling cutter： Face milling cutter is much like the sets of shell-side cutter, face milling cutter diameter 150 nm or more sets of rods mounted in the milling machine spindle mouth, face milling cutter for milling flat similar to its work planer .. knife circle cutter for milling work on the plane cutter for fine cut light repair work.
    

    (a)HSS face milling cutte	(b)WC face milling cutte

Conclusion:

• General cutter materials and usage occasion as follows
  1. High-speed steel cutters:for general purposes, the most widely used.
  2. Carbide cutter:for high speed cutting.
  3. Non-ferrous metal casting alloy cutter:suitable for heavy cutting.
• Plain milling cutter
  1. Straight shank end mill
  2. Taper shank end mill
• Common end mills:
  1. Convex-type cutter
  2. Concave cutter
  3. Gear-type cutter
  4. Dove tailstock cutter
  5. Semi-moon key cutter

article reference - Vocational Training Council

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