Monday, December 09, 2013

孔加工精度

孔加工精度 鉸孔和鑽孔、擴孔一樣都是由刀具本身的尺寸來保證被加工孔的尺寸的,但鉸孔的品9質要高得多。鉸孔餘量對鉸孔品質的影響很大,餘量太大,鉸刀的負荷大,切削刃很快被磨鈍,不易獲得光潔的加工表面,尺寸公差也不易保證;餘量太小,不能去掉上工序留下的刀痕,自然也就沒有改善孔加工品質的作用。一般粗鉸餘量取為0.35-0.15mm,精鉸取為0.15-0.05mm。鉸孔尺寸精度一般為IT9-IT7級,表面粗糙度Ra一般為3.2-0.8μm。 孔加工精度等級
加工方案 公差等級 表面粗度Ra(μm)
適用範圍
IT13~IT11 20 加工未淬火鋼及鑄鐵的實心毛坯,也可用於加工有色金屬(表面粗糙度稍差),孔徑<(15-20)mm
鑽-鉸 IT8-9 5.0-2.5
鑽-粗鉸-精鉸 IT7-8 2.5-1.25
鑽-擴 IT11 20-10.0 加工未淬火鋼及鑄鐵的實心毛坯,也可用於加工有色金屬(表面粗糙度稍差),但孔徑>(15-20)mm
鑽-擴-鉸 IT8-9 5.0-2.5
鑽-擴-粗鉸-精鉸 IT7 2.5-1.25
鑽-擴-機鉸-手鉸 IT6-7 0.63-0.160
鑽-(擴)-拉 IT6-7 2.5-0.160 大批大量生產(精度視)除淬火鋼外各種材料,毛坯有鑄出孔或鍛出孔
粗鏜(或擴孔) IT11-13 20-10.0
粗鏜(粗擴)-半精鏜(精擴) IT8-9 5.0-2.5
粗鏜(擴)-半精鏜(精擴)-精鏜(鉸) IT7-8 2.5-1.25
粗鏜(擴)-半精鏜(精擴)-精鏜-浮動鏜刀塊精鏜 IT6-7 1.25-0.63
粗鏜(擴)-半精鏜-磨孔 IT7-8 1.25-0.32 主要用於加工淬火鋼,也可用於不淬火鋼,但不宜用於有色金屬
粗鏜(擴)-半精鏜-粗磨-精磨 IT6-7 0.32-0.160
粗鏜-半精鏜-精鏜-金剛鏜 IT6-7 0.63-0.080 主要用於精度要求較高的有色金屬加工
鑽-(擴)-粗鉸-精鉸-珩磨鑽-(擴)-拉-珩磨粗鏜-半精鏜-精鏜-珩磨 IT6-7 0.32-0.040 精度要求很高的孔
以研磨代替上述方案的珩磨 IT6以上 0.160-0.010
資料來源:網路彙整

Monday, November 11, 2013

加工精度-銑車削

加工精度--銑車削
即一般概念粗加工是以快速切除毛坯餘量為目的,在粗加工時應選用大的進給量和盡可能大的切削深度,以便在較短的時間內切除盡可能多的切屑。粗加工對表面品質的要求不高,刀具的磨鈍標準一般是切削力的明顯增大。精加工在精加工時最主要考慮的是工件表面品質而不是切屑的多少,精加工時通常採用小的切削深度,刀具的副切削刃經常會有專門的形狀,比如修光刃。根據所使用的機床、切削方式、工件材料以及所採用的刀具,可使表面粗糙度達到Ra1.6μm的水準,在極好的條件下甚至可以達到Ra0.4μm。
車削加工是機械加工中最基本的一種加工方法,它所用的機床是車床,所用的刀具為車刀,也可以用鑽頭、滾花刀、鉸刀等,利用這些切削刀具與工件的一系列相對運動,可以完成多重切削。車削加工的加工範圍很廣,可以加工出各種類型的帶有旋轉體表面的零件,如內外圓柱面、內外圓錐面、內外成形面、內外螺旋面等,其經濟精度達到IT11~IT06,表面粗糙度為Ra12.5µm~0.8µm。另外,在車床上安裝上夾具和附件還可以進行鏜孔、銑削、磨削、研磨、拋光等。
加工精度等級
精度等級 尺寸精度範圍 Ra值範圍 (μm) 相應的加工方法
低精度 IT13~IT11 25~12.5 粗車、粗鏜、粗銑、粗刨、鑽孔等
中等精度 IT10~IT9 6.3~3.2 半精車、半精鏜、半精銑、半精刨、擴孔等
IT8~IT7 1.6~0.8 精車、精鏜、精銑、精刨、粗磨、粗鉸等
低精度 IT7~IT6 0.8~0.2 精磨、精鉸等
低精度 IT5~IT2 Ra<0.2 研磨、超精加工、拋光、珩磨等
銑車削加工精度
加工方案 公差等級 表面粗糙度Ra(μm) 適用範圍
粗車-半精車 IT8-9 10-5.0 端面
粗車-半精車-精車 IT6-7 2.5-1.53
粗車-半精車-磨削 IT7-9 1.25-0.32
粗刨(或粗銑)-精刨(或精銑) IT7-9 10.0-2.5 一般不淬硬平面(端銑的表面粗糙度較好)
粗刨(或粗銑)-精刨(或精銑)-括研 IT5-6 1.25-0.160 精度要求較高的不淬硬平面,批量較大時宜採用寬刃精刨方案
粗刨(或粗銑)-精刨(或精銑)-寬刃精刨 IT6 1.25-0.32
粗刨(或粗銑)-精刨(或精銑)-磨削 IT6 1.25-0.32 精度要求較高的淬硬平面或不淬硬平面
粗刨(或粗銑)-精刨(或精銑)-粗磨-精磨 IT5~IT6 0.63-0.040 大量生產,較小的平面(精度視拉刀的精度而定)
粗銑-拉 IT6-9 1.25-0.32
粗銑-精銑-磨削-研磨 IT5~IT2 IT5以上 高精度平面
常見加工方法的Ra表面特徵
加工方法 面粗糙度Ra(μm) 表面特徵
粗車、 粗鏜 、粗銑、 粗刨 、鑽孔 50 可見明顯刀痕
25 可見刀痕
12.5 微見刀痕
精銑、精刨 半精車 6.3 可見加工痕跡
3.2 微見加工痕跡
精車 1.6 看不清加工痕跡
粗磨 0.8 可辨加工痕跡方向
精磨 0.4 微辨加工痕跡方向
精密加工 0.1-0.012 只能按表面光著辨識
資料來源:網路彙整

Monday, October 14, 2013

硬質合金刀具的焊接作業

硬質合金刀具的焊接作業
即使在不需重磨刃刀具普及的現在,焊接刀具仍廣泛用於切削、建築礦山、耐磨損刀具等多方面。焊接作業的好與壞對刀具性能有很大的影響。焊接時內部殘留的變形,有時是磨削時出現裂紋的原因。即使磨削時未出現裂紋,因內部變形的影響,刀具在使用初期有時也會破損。

Sunday, September 29, 2013

BW鑽刀碳纖維與玻璃纖維材質加工測試

BW公司開發新型四刃鑽鉸孔刀具,針對碳纖維,玻璃纖維與石墨纖維複合材料加工,因特殊刀具材料與切削排屑方式,改善刀具在切割複合材料,能使刀具穩定切割無毛邊現象,排屑方式能產生顆粒粉末狀。

Friday, September 20, 2013

鑽石切割線專用橡膠圓柱切削難題
目前客戶加工時以白鋼刀寬面平貼加工物,因白鋼刀磨耗快,尺寸不好掌控,表面光滑度問題,碧威工程師到加工現場了解客戶加工方式及參數...因素,進而剖析原因,針對發現問題作了建議:
  1. 橡膠圓柱要切割v型深溝槽尺寸如何控制??橡膠圓柱表面有特殊耐磨材料造成刀具容易磨損,該如何解決?? 先瞭解鑽石切割線製程如何製造,鑽石選擇奈米微粒鑽石,鑽石經過酸洗鍍鎳,再經過化學鍍液附著再彈簧鋼絲線上,再把鑽石切割線放在橡膠圓柱v型溝內,因橡膠有彈簧性質可增加磨差力,但是橡膠軟性無法成受鑽石切割線銳利磨差能力,所以外層再附著氧化鋁、二氧化矽等耐磨材料。
  2. 加工橡膠圓柱刀具如何選擇??橡膠圓柱如何做粗加工與精加工?粗加工如何控制表面細膩度?精加工如何控制尺寸精度? 刀具如何選擇要分為粗加工與精加工
    粗加工:
    選擇普通碳鋼熱處理到HRC65以上材料做成刀具,因橡膠表面有耐磨材質,容易造成刀具破損,所以便宜刀具降低成本為主要課題,然後再針對刀具如何降低磨耗及刀刃散熱等問題做改善,降低刀刃散熱與磨損分面可加裝油霧渦流管槍來加強散熱與降低磨損,亦可增加表面細膩,渦流管槍可調整冷風溫度改變橡膠特性,刀刃因橡膠改變材料性質,使刀刃磨損散熱改變後容易加工。
    精加工:
    應選擇高速cnc車銑複合加工機-尺寸控制精準,刀具選擇應該以PCD鑽石刀具為主,因PCD材料刀具高硬度高密度特性,使用再橡膠切割有如神兵力器。

白鋼刀(1cm X 1cm)及替換式刀片及刀架
白鋼刀(1cm X 1cm)及替換式刀片及刀架
為加工物,表層為切割晶片的砂漿(二氧化矽)底部為像膠 硬度HRC大約在90度
為加工物,表層為切割晶片的砂漿(二氧化矽)底部為像膠 硬度HRC大約在90度

Thursday, September 12, 2013

切削熱的影響

切削熱的影響

銑削難切削材質時,會產生大量的切削熱。所以在加工時,應用充分的大風量油霧冷風槍將切削區淹沒,這對小直徑銑刀OR大直徑刀具容易實現,切削時就不可能全部淹沒,採用乾銑方式。

Thursday, August 01, 2013

刀具的使用

刀具的使用

不管刀具設計得如何,或用什麼材料製成刀具的製造商都應該提供切削速度和每齒進給量的初始值。如果沒有這些資料,就應該向製造廠家的技術部門諮詢。廠商 應該熟知他們的產品在進行全寬度開槽銑削、外廓銑削、插銑或斜坡銑削時的能力如何,因為許多標準銑刀大多數不能完成這樣多的加工工序。比如,如果銑刀沒有 足夠大的第二後角,則斜坡銑削的斜角就要減小。

很明顯,如果超出刀具的加工能力,將導致刀具的損壞。插銑也是一樣,如果不能將切屑及時地從槽底排出,切屑將會受到擠壓,之後刀具也將損壞。總之,銑削加工高溫合金時,這些情況對刀具壽命都是不利的。

如果認為減慢進給速度可延長刀具壽命,事實證明是錯誤的。典型的例子就是在切第一刀時,會發現材料相當硬。如果把進給量減小 ( 如可轉位銑刀的每齒進給量減至 0.025~0.5 mm ) ,刀具切削刃將強烈地摩擦工件,結果是刀具很快或是立即損壞。摩擦能引起工件表面的加工硬化,為避免加工硬化,切第一刀時應保持一定的切削負荷 ( 0.15~0.2 mm/ 每齒進給量 )。

切削深度取決於多種因素,如刀具設計,刀片高度、刀具剛性、刀具總長、機床馬力等。但當刀具的後角和前角為 5°~11° 正值時,最適於加工粘度大的材料。立銑刀的螺旋角應該在 35°~50° 之間。這些銑刀的傾斜刀刃有鋸削作用,能形成理想的切屑並帶走切削熱

當然,難切削材質時,適當的切削速度也非常重要。它決定了在切削區產生熱量的多少。推薦的速度範圍從較低的 12~15 m/min ( 對高速鋼銑刀 ) 到 23~37 m/min ( 對硬質合金銑刀 ),再到180~245 m/min 或更高( 對陶瓷銑刀 )。增加進給量和切削深度也會增加切削熱,因相應地增加了切削力和刀具與工件的接觸面積。

根據銑削難切削材質時的應力和切削力,應選擇由K40~K50硬質合金作為銑刀刀片的基體,並採用帶有耐熱性能高的氮鋁鈦塗層。使用這類硬質合金牌號的刀片進行銑削 加工,可取得很好的加工效果。在較低的切削速度下,採用碳氮化鈦塗層進行加工,其效果也不錯。

如果在加工中,刀具使用不當,即使用最好的基體和塗層,也不會取得好的加工效果。比如,在零件上要銑出一個深度為 2~5mm 的槽,想分三次走刀加工出來。一般在這個加工過程中 CAM 系統將顯示為三次切深都一樣。由於工件重複地接觸刀具上同一部位,最終相同的切深將使塗層上產生一個缺口,一旦這個缺口劃穿了塗層,就會損傷基體,致使刀 具損壞。

因此在銑削加工中,選取適當的切削深度 ( 一般在 0.5~0.60mm ) ,在銑削時,防止工件重複接觸刀片同一部位,這樣才能延長刀具的壽命。

Friday, July 26, 2013

刀具在銑削鎳基合金時破損較快?

刀具在銑削鎳基合金時破損較快?

鎳系合金中是兩個主要添加成分,增加鎳能增加材料韌性,加入鉻可提高材料的硬度,再加上其他成分的平衡,據此就可以預測刀具的磨損情況。加工鎳基合金,其刀具費用較高,其費用為銑削一般鋼材的5~10倍。

毋庸質疑,在銑削鎳基合金時,熱量是影響刀具壽命的最重要的因素,因為即使最好的硬質合金刀具,也會被過高的切削熱所毀壞。產生極高的切削熱,不僅僅是銑削鎳合金才遇到的問題。所以銑削這些合金時,需要對熱量加以控制。

另外,瞭解應用各種形式的刀具 ( 高速鋼刀具、硬質合金刀具陶瓷刀具 ) 加工時所產生的熱量值,也是非常重要的。 許多刀具的損壞還與其他因素有關,不合格的夾具和刀柄都可能縮短刀具壽命。當夾緊的工件剛性不足,切削時產生移動時,可能會引起硬質合金基體的斷裂。有時 會沿切削刃產生小的裂縫,有時還會從硬質合金刀片上崩裂,無法繼續進行切削

當然,這種崩裂刃具也可能是因為硬質合金太硬或切削負荷太大所致。這時應考慮採用高速鋼刀具進行加工,以減少崩裂。當然,高速鋼刀具又不能像硬質合金那 樣承受較高的熱量。

在加工開始前,加強夾具的剛性,不僅延長了刀具的壽命,而且還提高了工件表面質量,減少了加工誤差。 同樣刀柄選擇不當,也會縮短刀具壽命。如把柄徑為 3.175mm 的立銑刀裝在銑刀刀柄裏,由於緊固螺釘的作用,使刀具和刀柄之間的配合間隙偏到一邊,刀具中心偏離刀柄回轉中心,使銑刀工作時的徑向 跳動增加,致使銑刀每個刀齒的切削負荷不均衡。這種切削狀態對刀具很不利,特別是在銑削鎳基合金與含有添加到材料中的其他元素可能有:矽、錳、鉬、鉭、鎢等,值得注意的是鉭和鎢也是用來製造硬質合金的主要成分,它們能有效地提高硬質合金的性能,但是這些元素加入到工件材料中,就使它變地難以銑削加工時更加突出。

通過使用改善了刀具裝卡偏心度的刀柄,如液壓卡頭、熱裝卡頭,能使切削作用更均衡、更平穩,減少了刀具磨損,提高了表面質量。選擇刀柄時應遵循一個原則,就是刀柄要盡可能的短。這些對刀具和工件的夾持要求,對銑削任何材料都適用。

Saturday, July 06, 2013

沖壓加工介紹

沖壓加工介紹

沖壓加工根據材料的變形特點分: 分離加工方式、成形加工方式

分離加工方式

沖裁加工方式是指使板料按一定的輪廓綫斷裂分離而獲得一定形狀、尺寸的沖壓件的加工方式。分離加工方式主要有沖孔、落料、 切斷、切舌、切邊、剖切、整修及精沖等。

Saturday, June 22, 2013

anticlockwise milling and clockwise milling

Processing method of Tungsten Carbide End Mills – anticlockwise milling (up milling) and clockwise milling (down milling)

Milling is one of the most common and most widely used processing methods, and for roughing milling of the various structural components and fine milling is almost by end milling. There are two ways, clockwise and anticlockwise milling, according to the cutting direction. The movement of the cutting edge and work piece is in the opposite direction or same direction, divided into the two kinds of conventional milling and climb milling.

Anticlockwise Milling:

Milling direction and feed in the opposite direction (milling against the feed) is anticlockwise milling; chip caused from the bottom into upper, so we also call it as up milling; Since the traditional processing and milling mostly used this way, so we also called it as conventional milling.

Processing method of Tungsten Carbide End Mills – anticlockwise milling (up milling) and clockwise milling (down milling)

Characteristics of anticlockwise milling:

  1. Chip shape is from thin to thick, and cutter afford force from light into heavy, which may prevent the cutter fracture by the impact.
  2. Suitable for milling casting black surface.
  3. Can be used in the old milling machine, no screw invalid gap movement.
  4. More friction, the blade is easy to blunt, short life.
  5. Easy shaken, the machined surface is rough, poor machining accuracy.
  6. The device is not easy to settle, which is not suitable for milling thin parts.
  7. More energy consumption.

Clockwise milling:

The milling and feed in the same direction (milling with the feeds) called clockwise milling; Due to cutting action is from no-machining face of work piece into down place (chips from thick into thin), so it is called down milling or climb milling.

Processing method of Tungsten Carbide End Mills – anticlockwise milling (up milling) and clockwise milling (down milling)

Characteristics of climb milling:

  1. Chip is from thick into thin, cutter affords force from heavy into light, easy to cause fracture by impact.
  2. Not suitable for milling castings, forgings, and the surface of the work piece with fish scale shape.
  3. The milling machine shall have a gap eliminator, or easy to produce screw invalid gap movement.
  4. Processing less friction, longer life of the cutter edge.
  5. Easy chucking, no vibration, and high accuracy of the machined surface.
  6. The device is easy to settle, it’s suitable for milling long thin work pieces.
  7. Less feed consumption.
In most of the milling case, in addition to the casting of the first milling and old milling Lo-gap chopping device need to use the anticlockwise milling, down milling is better than conventional milling.

Tuesday, June 18, 2013

Cutting Reference Data for End Mills of Various Materials

Cutting Reference Data for End Mills of Various Materials
Effective working solution depends on correct cutters, operation method, and technology.
Usual cutting conditions and major influence factors of CNC machines.
Introduction Formula
Cutting Data V(m/min) Cutting speed is decided by the diameter of end mills and its rpm V=Cutting speed(m/min)
D=diameter(mm)
N=rpm of one min of end mills(min-1)
Feed speed F(mm/min) Feed speed is the speed of relative one of work piece. Feed rate per flute is important for multi-flute end mills. F=Feed speed per minute
z= number of flute
f= Feed volume per flute
Cutting depth a(mm) Cutting depth is the thickness of flute machining on work piece. We always increase cutting depth to achieve its efficiency, but it is too deep to short tool life. It’s better to give proper cutting depth per flute, don’t increase feed rate and cutting depth together. -- --
Feed rate per flue
f(mm/刃)
Once a flute to cut -- --
Cutting width b(mm) Vibration caused by diameter of end mill, width of work piece, flute numbers, and cutting width. -- --
Cutting Speed
Work Material High Speed Steel Carbide – rough cutting Carbide – fine cutting
Cast iron (soft) 32 50-60 120-150
Cast iron (hard) 24 30-60 75-100
Malleable cast iron 24 30-75 50-100
Steel (soft) 27 30-75 150
Steel (hard) 15 25 30
Aluminum alloy 150 95-300 300-1200
Yellow Steel (soft) 60 240 180
Yellow Steel (hard) 50 150 300
Bronze 50 75-150 150-240
Copper 50 150-240 240-300
Hard Rubber 60 240 450
Fiber 40 140 200
Feed volume each side
Working Material Face cutter End Mill Spiral flute flat
end mill
Side Cutter Milling Cutter Metal gap cutter
HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide HSS Carbide
Cast Iron HB150-180 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.25 0.32 0.4 0.23 0.3 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.13
HB180-220 0.32 0.4 0.18 0.2 0.25 0.32 0.18 0.25 0.1 0.13 0.08 0.1
HB220-300 0.28 0.3 0.15 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.18 0.08 0.1 0.08 0.08
Malleable cast iron, Cast iron 0.3 0.35 0.15 0.18 0.25 0.28 0.18 0.2 0.1 0.13 0.08 0.1
Carbon steel Cutting steel 0.3 0.4 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.32 0.18 0.18 0.23 0.13 0.08 0.1
Soft steel, Steel 0.25 0.35 0.13 0.18 0.20 0.28 0.15 0.2 0.08 0.1 0.08 0.1
Alloy Steel Annealing robust steel HB180-220 0.20 0.35 0.10 0.18 0.18 0.28 0.13 020 0.08 0.1 0.05 0.1
HB220-300 0.15 0.3 0.08 0.15 0.13 0.25 0.10 0.18 0.05 0.10 0.05 0.08
HB300-400 0.10 0.25 0.05 0.13 0.08 0.2 0.08 0.15 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.08
Stainless steel 0.15 0.25 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.20 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.08
Al-Mg Alloy 0.55 0.5 0.28 0.25 0.45 040 0.32 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.13
Brass, Bronze speedy cutting 0.55 0.5 0.28 0.25 0.45 0.4 0.32 0.3 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.13
ordinary 0.35 0.30 0.18 0.15 0.28 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.18
hard 0.23 0.25 0.13 0.13 0.18 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.08
Coppper 0.30 030 0.15 0.15 0.25 0.23 0.18 0.18 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.08
Plastics 0.32 0.38 0.18 0.18 0.25 0.30 0.20 0.23 0.10 0.13 0.08 0.10

Sunday, May 19, 2013

沖壓介紹

沖壓介紹 - 刀具及銑刀專家碧威刀具
沖壓
沖壓介紹利用安裝在壓力機上的沖模對材料施加壓力,它是在常溫(冷態)下

Friday, April 19, 2013

鋁合金的加工切削特性

鋁合金的加工切削特性 - 刀具及銑刀專家碧威刀具

工業鋁合金零件的加工對刀具有很高的要求, 尤其是航空工業中的鋁合 金,刀具在具有高性價比的同時還必須滿足高質量加工的需求。由於整體 硬質合金刀具具有非常鋒利的切削刃和槽型,其在鋁合金精加工中切削力 小,並且具有容屑空間大,排屑順暢等優點,因此整體硬質合金刀具逐漸 取代了傳統的高速鋼刀具。

Friday, April 05, 2013

鋁合金介紹

鋁合金介紹 - 刀具及銑刀專家碧威刀具
以鋁為基的合金總稱。主要合金元素有Cu、Si、Mg、Sn,次要有鎳、鈦、鉻、鋰等。鋁合金密度低,塑性好可加工成型材,具有優良導電性、導熱性和抗腐蝕性, 添加一定 元素形成的合金在保持純鋁質輕等優點的同時還能具有較高的強度。 這樣使得其 “比強度”勝過很多合金鋼,成為理想的結構材料,廣泛用於機械製造、運輸 機械、動力機械及航空工業等方面,飛機的機身、蒙皮、壓氣機等常以鋁合金制 造,以減輕自重。採用鋁合金代替鋼板材料的焊接,結構重量可減輕50%以上。
鋁合金加工方式分類:按照加工方法分形變鋁合金和鑄造鋁合金。

Tuesday, March 19, 2013

The cutter materials and their contrast

The cutter materials and their contrast
This list includes eight cutter materials and their contrast as below:
  1. Mono Diamond)
  2. CO PCD
  3. Si PCD
  4. PCBN
  5. Si3N4
  6. SiC
  7. WC
  8. Steel
The cutter materials and their contrast
material Mono Diamond CO PCD si PCD PCBN Si3N4 SiC WC Steel
properties
Density g/cm3 3.52 3.8~4.10 3.4 4~4.20 3.2 3 15 7.8
Knoop Hadrness kg/mm2 6000~9000 5000~8000 5000 2700~3200 1800 2200 1500 560
Toughuess Mpam-2 3.4 6.1~8.9 6.9 4.1~7.2 6.4 4 11 46
Compression Strength Mpa 2000 7700 4200 3800 6800 7000 5400 1850
Tensile strength Mpa 2600 1300 600 500 470 400 1100 1760
Thermal Expansion 10-6/°C 0.8~4.8 1.5~3.8 3.8 3.5~4.2 3.5 3.8 4.3~5.6 11.2~14.3
Thermal Conductivity w/mk 600~1200 560 120 150 30 40 80 50
Friction   0.05~0.10 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8

Monday, March 11, 2013

The cutting tool for hardening material above HRC50

tool-How to choose the cutting tool for hardening material above HRC50?
There are higher requirements and more difficulties for many hardened molds. Hence general carbide cutters cannot reach such request of accuracy. Therefore, it should pay more attention to selection of cutting tools for hardened material.

Since hardening material which HRC is above 50, with higher hardness, the carbide cutter is difficult to meet the processing requirements, it will cause badly wear even break after CNC machining for about ten minutes. General carbide cutters cannot reach the request accuracy because the hardened mold is with higher requirement and difficulty.

Some points for choosing cutters for machining hardened materials as below:

  1. Select super micro grain carbide rod and design high rigid tool body to ensure toughness and rigidity of the tool.
  2. Select the blade the design of the large helix angle ranging from sub-and four-blade design so that the cutters may reach radial beating with heavy cutting within high-speed and high hardness cutting.
  3. Choose carbide cutter with new crystal coating. PVD coating almost cannot be used in high hardness cutting.. the crystal coating may solve it basically about the high temperature / acid resistance / wear / and longer tool life.
  4. Cooperate with the powerful tool companies to get their further technical supports and tool configuration, reducing the procurement chain and purchasing costs.

Good carbide cutters with high rigidity of the tool body and new type coating may get high efficiency, precision, and longer tool life. From pre-hardened steel to hardened steel, during high-speed, and high efficient processing; from rough to high precision machining, to achieve a long life; high precision; high quality processing makes it is easier to proceed high-speed and high rigid machining.

Article reference source : NewMaker
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Monday, March 04, 2013

How to choose woodworking cutters?--part2

How to choose woodworking cutters?--part2
Selection of woodworking cutters
  1. identify the main technical parameters of the cutter
    Main parameters:outer diameter, machining thickness, and the center diameter.
    Other technical parameters: number of teeth, the direction of rotation, rotation speed, feed rate, clamping way, and cutter material.
  2. Choose the structure type of cutter
    According the request and characteristics of cutting object, and consideration from both the technical and economic aspects, select the whole cutters or welding cutters, assembly cutters, and combination cutter.
  3. The choice of the cutter rotation direction
    Cutter rotation direction is determined in accordance with the direction of rotation of the processing machinery spindle and the tool axis and the feed of the work piece relative position of the whole cutter, or assembling cutter, the inclination of the cutting blade relative to cutter radius determines the rotation of the cutter direction.
  4. Selection of cutting amount of end mills
    Cutting amount of end mills are including cutting speed, feed speed of work material, and depth of milling. Cutting speed depends on the rpm and the radius of the end mills .. feed rate depends on the requirements of cutting surface .. the surface roughness of work material largely depends on the feed rate per tooth during cutting process, too much feed will cause too rough surface of work piece; too small feed will cause burnt phenomenon on the surface, so the feed rate must be appropriate.
  5. Operation stability of end mills
    The stability of the cutter operation is to ensure that the basis of the machining accuracy and surface quality .. including two aspects: one is cutter excited vibration in machining due to external forces; the other is that cutter happens deformation by external forces.
  6. Safety of milling process
    The safety of the milling cutter includes the limitation of rotation speed, the limitation of chip thickness, height restrictions of molding cutter contour and the thickness of assembly cutter, and stretched limit.
    Cutting timber is characterized by high speed cutting, the rotation speed of the milling cutters mostly above 3000 rpm. High speed cutting for timber brings high productivity and smooth surface .., it also brings a series of security problems. Therefore, when the spindle speed up to 9000 rpm, besides the cutter which diameter smaller than 16mm, it should prohibit to use assembly cutters and do strict testing and inspection for welding cutter.
    It is necessary to limit chip thickness for avoiding overload of cutters. For end mills, the clamping method, cutter height, and thickness of work piece are with close relationship. When you ensure the thickness of work piece, mill diameter, and center diameter, the height of cutter reflects its own strength, stiffness, and capacity of cutting resistance. The height must be limited to ensure the safety of cutter usage.
    The design point of welding end mills is clamping problem. No matter the body is cylindrical or disc-type, the blade clamp form must be guaranteed to provide sufficient clamping force to resist rotation centrifugal force .
Reference sources – China Timber Net

Monday, February 25, 2013

航空材料與加工原則

航空材料與加工原則

隨著全球工業技術的不斷發展,各個領域對一些重要零部件材料的機械性能和力學性能(如強度、硬度、耐熱性、抗磨性、抗拉強度和抗壓強度等)的要求也在不斷提高,特別是航空領域,由於航空產品具備高科技密集、系統龐大複雜、使用條件惡劣多變,要求長壽命、高可靠性和品種多、批量小等特點。對金屬切削刀具及技術提出了更高的要求,難加工材料在人類各個領域的應用越來越廣泛。

航空材料特點:

  • 種類、品種、規格多
  • 高的比強度(σb/ρ)和高的比剛度(E/ρ)
  • 高溫合金是航空材料極其重要的組成部分
  • 質量要求高
  • 抗疲勞性能是航空材料的另一個突出特點
  • 成本高、價格貴

飛機材料:

難加工材料,如鎳基高溫合金、鈦合金、高強度結構鋼被現代航空產品大量採用,這些材料強度大、硬度高,耐衝擊、加工中容易硬化,切削溫度高、刀具磨損嚴重,屬難加工材料。一般採用很低的切削速度進行加工,如果採用高速切削,不但可以大幅度提高生產率而且可以有效地減少刀具磨損,提高零件的表面質量。

航空材料與加工原則

隨著航空發動機發展,各種材料再發動機中的用量不斷變化。

航空材料與加工原則

難切削材質切削加工原則

航空難加工材料有高溫合金、鈦合金、超高強度鋼、複合材料等。航空難加工材料加工的最突出問題是刀具磨損問題,直接影響加工效率和成本;此外加工質量也經常成為瓶頸。

難加工材料的有效加工:

資料來源:網路彙整
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碧威是在刀具製造機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

Tuesday, February 05, 2013

高熵合金(High Entropy Alloy)

高熵合金(High Entropy Alloy)

傳統合金都是在一種或兩種主要元素的基礎上加入合金元素從而得到性能不同的合金主,元素鮮少超過三個。如鐵基合金、鈷基合金、鋁基合金等,一種原子百分比大於50 % 的主要元素,目前為人類所用的傳統合金系統有30 多種。

高熵合金也稱多主元高熵合金, 即該種合金是由多種主要元素組成,其元素種類一般在五種或五種以上,主要元素數目5≦ n ≦13,每種主元素的原子百分比含量都應在35 %以下。與傳統合金相比,具有優良的性能。比如:耐高溫、耐腐蝕、高強度、高硬度等。可以這樣說,高熵合金的發現大大提高了合金的性能,與此同時,也擴大了金屬的選擇範圍。

高熵合金(High Entropy Alloy)

高熵合金特性:

目前的高熵合金的研究發現,高熵合金因為具有很高的合金熵,且原子不易擴散的性能,比較容易獲得熱力學穩定性高的固溶相以及納米結構,甚至非晶體結構。不同的合金顯示出不同的力學特性。

  • 高熵合金的強度高
  • 耐熱度很高,高熵合金亂度較大,1000℃退火12小時,不俱回火軟化
  • 抗腐蝕性強,易形成緻密的氧化膜及非晶質特性,有助於極佳耐腐蝕性
  • 高熵合金可以形成單一相的BCC或FCC結構相
  • 高熵合金熔化時在鑄態和完全回火態都會析出納米相結構甚至非晶質結構
  • 高硬度值,在鑄造狀態可達Hv800
  • 抗氧化性好,高溫退火後,表面仍俱有金屬光澤

高熵合金應用:

高熵合金具有高強度、高加工硬化耐高溫軟化、耐高溫氧化、耐磨性、耐腐蝕、高電阻率等性能,其特性優於傳統合金,應用層面多彩多姿。例如:模具、刀具刀具鍍層、高爾夫球頭打擊面、油壓氣壓杆、鋼管及輥壓筒的硬面、高頻變壓器、馬達的磁心、磁屏蔽、磁頭、磁盤、磁光盤、高頻軟磁薄膜;化學工廠、船艦的耐蝕高強度材料、超高大樓的耐火骨架…

資料來源:網路彙整

Tuesday, January 29, 2013

Cutter wear and life

Cutter wear and life
Cutter wear is the result caused by the physical and chemical affects during cutting by heat and friction. The cutting time from the beginning to achieve cutting to the end is called tool life. Tool life is based on the general use or a predetermined value of the tool wear can also be a phenomenon as a judgment, such as vibration, deterioration of the surface roughness, poor chip removal and breaking. When tool life is ended, we should re-grind, translocation or abandoned. Tool head is worn by the continuous force, high temperature and intense friction. When the wear reaches a certain degree that is no longer qualified for cutting, we call that useful period as total tool life.
Tool life is always decided by processing conditions, and the principle of minimum production cost or highest productivity to determine the tool life and the preparation of fixed working hours. It is very complicated and lots of reasons to influence tool life,
there are several major factors to affect tool life:
  1. Matcp up for tool material and work piece material
  2. Cutting speed
  3. Cutting tpickness
  4. Widtp of cutting
Tpe increasing of cutting speed may sporten tpe working time, and improve tpe accuracy of surface, but tpe tool wear rate will increase, and tpat is tpe tool life will be sportened. Tpe formula between tool life and tpe cutting speed is as below,
VTn = C
  • T:tpe actual cutting time of use(min)
  • V:tpe cutting speed(m/min)
  • N: constant (tool material, work piece material and cutting conditions)
  • C:constant (refer to tpe cutting speed in one minute)
Tool wear includes wear and damage

Tool breakage usually pappens suddenly, tpe caused reasons are:

  1. Improper tool spape of geometry
  2. Over load of cutting
  3. Trembling or vibration spock
  4. Cutting temperature exceeds tpe limits of its pigp-temperature pardness
  5. Tpe tool itself pas some micro-cracks, defects, etc.

tpe main reasons for tool wear:

  1. Fuser
  2. Curettage
  3. Proliferation
Common tool wear:
  1. Cater wear
  2. Tpermal deformation
  3. Tpermal cracking
  4. Nose wear
  5. Deptp of cut notcping
Tool wear process
  1. Initial wear:
    Tpis stage of wear is caused by cutter, wpicp make tpe surface rougp and not plain, microscopic protrusions at tpe cutting action be polisped first, followed by surface grind a wear band, tpen reduce tpe pressure, tpe wear rate stabilized.
  2. Normal wear and tear:
    Tool make tpe wear surface increase evenly, tpe wear situation is more stable, tpis stage for tpe validity of tpe tool for processing, tpe tool spould be used during tpis period.
  3. Severe wear and tear:
    In tpis stage, cutters become blunt, tpe cutting force increasing , cutting temperature rise, tpe tool quickly lose cutting ability, tool wear reacped tpis stage, tpe tool material loss is too large. We spould avoid cutter to reacp tpis stage.
References:
。De Lin of "Issue 21" tool wear considerations CNC cutting parameters optimization
。Journal of Macpinery Industry 291 tool breakage explore

Wednesday, January 23, 2013

鎢鋼材質牌號性能對照表

鎢鋼材質牌號性能對照表
合金
牌號
ISO國際標準 密度g/cm2 抗彎強度不低於N/cm2 硬度不低於
HRA
加工條件及用途
YG3X K01 14.6-15.2 1320 92 適於鑄鐵、有色金屬及合金淬火鋼合金鋼小切削斷面高速精加工。
YG6A K05 14.6-15.0 1370 91.5 適於硬鑄鐵,有色金屬及其合金的半精加工,亦適於高錳鋼、淬火鋼、合金鋼的半精加工及精加工。
YG6X K10 14.6-15.0 1420 91 經生產使用證明,該合金加工冷硬合金鑄鐵與耐熱合金鋼可獲得良好的效果,也適於普通鑄鐵的精加工。
YK15 K15
K20
14.2-14.6 2100 91 適於加工整體合金鑽、銑、鉸等刀具。具有較高的耐磨性及韌性。
YG6 K20 14.5-14.9 1380 89 適於用鑄鐵、有色金屬及合金非金屬材料中等切削速度下半精加工。
YG6X-1 K20 14.6-15.0 1500 90 適於鑄鐵,有色金屬及其合金非金屬材料連續切削時的精車,間斷切削時的半精車、精車、小斷面精車、粗車螺紋、連續斷面的半精銑與精銑,孔的粗擴與精擴。
YG8N K30 14.5-14.8 2000 90 適於鑄鐵、白口鑄鐵、球墨鑄鐵以及鉻、鎳不銹鋼等合金材料的高速切削。
YG8 K30 14.5-14.9 1600 89.5 適於鑄鐵、有色金屬及其合金與非金屬材料加工中,不平整斷面和間斷切削時的粗車、粗刨、粗銑,一般孔和深孔的鑽孔、擴孔。
YG10X K35 14.3-14.7 2200 89.5 適於製造細徑微鑽、立銑刀、旋轉銼刀等。
YS2T K30 14.4-14.6 2200 91.5 屬超細顆粒合金,適於低速粗車,銑削耐熱合金及鈦合金,作切斷刀及絲錐、鋸片銑刀尤佳。
YL10.1 K15-K25 14.9 1900 91.5 具有較好的耐磨性和抗彎強度,主要用為生產擠壓棒材,適合做一般鑽頭、刀具等耐磨件。
YL10.2 K25-K35 14.5 2200 91.5 具有很好的耐磨性和抗彎強度,主要用來生產擠壓棒材,製作小直徑微型鑽頭、鐘錶加工用刀具,整體鉸刀等其它刃具和耐磨零件。
YG15 13.9-14.2 2100 87 適於高壓縮率下鋼棒和鋼管拉伸,在較大應力下工作的頂鍛、穿孔及衝壓工具。
YG20 13.4-13.7 2500 85 適於製作衝壓模具,如衝壓手錶零件、樂器彈簧片等;沖制電池殼、牙膏皮的模具;小尺寸鋼球、螺釘、螺帽等的衝壓模具;熱軋麻花鑽頭的壓板。
YG20C 13.4-13.7 2200 82 適於製作標準件、軸承、工具等行業用的冷鐓、冷沖、冷壓模具;彈頭對彈殼的衝壓模具。
YT15 P10 11.0-11.7 1150 91 適用於碳素鋼與合金鋼加工中,連續切削時的粗車、半精車及精車,間斷切削時的小斷面精車,連續面的半精銑與精銑,孔的粗擴與精擴。
YT14 P20 11.2-12.0 1270 90.5 適於在碳素鋼與合金鋼加工中,不平整斷面和連續切削時的粗車,間斷切削時的半精車與精車,連續斷面粗銑,鑄孔的擴鑽與粗擴。
YT5 P30 12.5-13.2 1430 89.5 適於碳素鋼與合金鋼(包括鋼鍛件,衝壓件及鑄件的表皮)加工不平整斷面與間斷切削時的粗車、粗刨、半精刨,非連續面的粗銑及鑽孔。
YS25 P20、P40 12.8-13.2 2000 91 適應於碳素鋼、鑄鋼、高錳鋼、高強度鋼及合金鋼的粗車、銑削和刨削。
YS30 P25
P30
12.45 1800 91 屬超細顆粒合金,適於大走刀高效率銑削各種鋼材,尤其是合金鋼的銑削。
YW1 M10 12.6-13.5 1180 91.5 適於耐熱鋼、高錳鋼、不銹鋼等難加工鋼材及普通鋼和鑄鐵的加工。
YW2 M20 12.4-13.5 1350 90.5 適於耐熱鋼、高錳鋼、不銹鋼及高級合金鋼等特殊難加工鋼材的精加工,半精加工。普通鋼材和鑄鐵的加工。
YT15 P10 11.0-11.7 1150 91 適用於碳素鋼與合金鋼加工中,連續切削時的粗車、半精車及精車,間斷切削時的小斷面精車,連續面的半精銑與精銑,孔的粗擴與精擴。
YT14 P20 11.2-12.0 1200 90.0 適於在碳素鋼合金鋼加工中, 不平整斷面和連續切削時的粗車,間斷切削時的半精車與精車,連續斷面粗銑,鑄孔的擴鑽與粗擴。
YT5 P30 12.5-13.2 1400 89.5 適於碳素鋼與合金鋼(包括鋼鍛件,衝壓件及鑄件的表皮)加工不平整斷面與間斷切削時的粗車、粗刨、半精刨,非連續面的粗銑及鑽孔。
YS30 P25
P30
12.45 1800 91.0 屬超細顆粒合金,適於大走刀高效率銑削各種鋼材,尤其是合金鋼的銑削。
YS25 M20、M30P20、P40 12.8-13.2 2000 91.0 適應於碳素鋼、鑄鋼、高錳鋼、高強度鋼及合金鋼的粗車、銑削和刨削。
YS2T K30
M30
14.4-14.6 2200 91.5 屬超細顆粒合金,適於低速粗車,銑削耐熱合金及鈦合金,作切斷刀及絲錐、鋸片銑刀尤佳。
YW1 M10 12.6-13.5 1200 91.5 適於耐熱、高錳鋼、不銹鋼等難加工鋼材及普通鋼材和鑄鐵的加工。
YW2 M20 12.4-13.5 1350 90.5 適於耐熱鋼、高錳鋼、不銹鋼及高級合金鋼等特殊難加工鋼材的精加工,並精加工。普通鋼材和鑄鐵的加工。
YW3 M10
M20
12.7-13.3 1300 92 適於合金鋼、高強度鋼、低合金、超強度鋼的精加工和半精加工。亦可在衝擊力小的情況下精加工。
YG6A K10 14.6-15.0 1400 91.5 適於硬鑄鐵,有色金屬及其合金的半精加工,亦適於高錳鋼、淬火鋼、合金鋼的半精加工及精加工。
YG6X K10 14.6-15.0 1400 91 經生產使用證明,該合金加工冷硬合金鑄鐵與耐熱合金鋼可獲得良好的效果,也適於普通鑄鐵的精加工。
YG6 K20 14.6-15.0 1450 89.5 適於鑄鐵,有色金屬及其合金非金屬材料連續切削時的精車,間斷切削時的半精車、精車、小斷面精車、粗車螺紋、連續斷面的半精銑與精銑,孔的粗擴與精擴。
YG8 K30 14.5-14.9 1500 89 適於鑄鐵、有色金屬及其合金與非金屬材料加工中,不平整斷面和間斷切削時的粗車、粗刨、粗銑,一般孔和深孔的鑽孔、擴孔。
YK15 K15
K20
14.2-14.6 2100 91 適於加工整體合金鑽、銑、鉸等刀具。具有較高的耐磨性及韌性。
YG15 13.9-14.2 2100 87 適於高壓縮率下鋼棒和鋼管拉伸,在較大應力下工作的頂鍛、穿孔及衝壓工具。
YG20 13.4-13.7 2500 85 適於製作衝壓模具,如衝壓手錶零件、樂器彈簧片等;沖制電池殼、牙膏皮的模具;小尺寸鋼球、螺釘、螺帽等的衝壓模具;熱軋麻花鑽頭的壓板。
YG20C 13.4-13.7 2200 82 適於製作標準件、軸承、工具等行業用的冷鐓、冷沖、冷壓模具;彈頭對彈殼的衝壓模具。
YL10.1 K12-K25
M10-M30
14.9 1900 91.5 具有較好的耐磨性和抗彎度,主要用為生產擠壓棒材,適合做一般鑽頭、刀具等耐磨件。
YL10.2 K25-K35
M25-M40
14.5 2200 91.5 具有很好的耐磨性和抗彎度,主要用來生產擠壓棒材,製作小直徑微型鑽頭、鐘錶加工用刀具,整體鉸刀等其它刃具和耐磨零件。

Sunday, January 13, 2013

Tool coating - The super-hard thin film coating material

Tool coating - The super-hard thin film coating material

The super-hard thin film coating:

Depositing TiC, TiN, TiCN, Al2O3 ... hard ceramic coating with a few μm on carbide tool is more suitable for high speed machining than WC series, and with higher feed strength than ceramic.  There are two depositing ways -- CVD (chemical vapor) and PVD method (physical vapor method).

Tool coating - The super-hard thin film coating material Tool coating - The super-hard thin film coating material

Depositing methods:

depositing method CVD(chemical vapor) PVD(physical vapor method)
introduction Use of the air chemical reaction, deposit coating under the temperature about 1000 ° C . The coating layer of the main component of metal evaporation ionization, the parent material of the processing and gas response in the negative (about 500 ° C or so) coated TiN etc.
advantage 1. The base material can be fully coated.
2. Due to the processing temperature, the coating layer and base metal are with strong adhesion.
3. Different coating layers can easily gas switch.
4. Low cost because it may be processed in large quantity.
1. A low processing temperature, there is almost no heat distortion.
2. The coated particles fine petty in the sharp tip directly covered.
3. Compression stress in the coating layer so favorable strength.
4. Safe and without pollution, no exhaust treatment equipments needed.
defect 1. It is easy to generate decarburization layer close to the base metal surface.
2.The processing temperature is high so it’s easily to cause the dimensional change and deformation.
3. In the coating layer prone to sound thermal stress due to the type of parent material along with the tensile stress cracking occurs on the surface.
4. Due to HCl produced, it is necessary to have exhaust gas treatment.
1. The base metal and coating layer is with small adhesion, so it is not proper to do heavy cut and use in large abrasion place.
2. Difficult rotation so you must use the parent metal rotary mechanism.
3. Lots of places of the additional voltage of the base metal, so it is necessary to keep the test materials and assembly margin plating, processing capacity is limited, easily increase the cost.

Demand characteristics of the coating film:

  1. Hardness
  2. Wear
  3. Anti-melting
  4. Oxidation resistance
  5. Corrosion resistance
  6. Toughness
  7. The fatigue strength
  8. Thermal fatigue resistance
  9. Resistance to stripping

Application of cutter coating film characteristics:

The coating is just like cutters’ armor, with powerful protection, acid resistance, resistance to oxidation, wear resistance and other characteristics, can increase tool life largely,  improve the surface quality of work piece, increase productivity and quality approved rate.

Coating treatment must be in proper arrangement in order to play a high-performance under the conditions of usage. Hence, we must understand the coating characteristics, and then applied to the cutting tool to achieve better results.

coating film TiCN TiN TiAlN CrN DLC、ADLC、PVDD
Color Gray Golden Dark Silver Black
HV 3000 2400 2800 1850 4000-6000
Thickness 1-4μm 3μm 2-5μm 2-5μm 1-2μm
Coefficient of friction 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.45 0.1
Process temperature 450°C 450°C 450°C 300-450°C 200°C
Resistant temperature to oxidation 450°C 550°C 800°C 700°C 350°C
RA surface roughness 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20  
Usage characteristics anti-wear anti-abrasion wear resistance, and oxygen (acid) of resistance to oxidation Oxygen resistance, corrosion resistance anti-wear, corrosion resistance
Applications HSS cutting tools cutters, drill bits, taps, red rods, plastic mold, stamping mold ... HSS cutting tools milling cutters, drills, taps, screw cap, rods, inserts, plastic mold, biomedical parts, CDR mold ... and so on. WC high speed cutting tool, rods, inserts, milling cutters, drills, screws tin stamping die ... and so on. Plastic mold, die casting, rubber mold, parts, tools ... and so on. non-metal cutting tools, plastic mold, die casting mold, stamping mold, parts, tools.. and so on.


Tuesday, January 08, 2013

蒙耐爾合金(Monel)

蒙耐爾合金(Monel)

蒙耐爾合金又稱鎳合金,是一種特殊的合金,金屬鎳為基體添加銅、鐵、錳等其它元素而成的合金。蒙耐爾具有高強度、高耐蝕、耐磨損的優良的物理特性,呈銀白色,在各種酸、堿介質中,具有使用壽命長的優點,因而廣泛應用於石油化工、核工業、國防工業等尖端工業上,做為重要的零部件和其它高強度、高耐蝕、高耐磨特性的複雜環境條件下使用的行業。

蒙耐爾合金在多種介質中均有良好的耐蝕性,它在空氣、土壤、淡水和海水中都很穩定。在土壤中的腐蝕速度不大於0.0003mm/a;在海水中的腐蝕速度為 0.03mm/a。蒙乃爾合金在非氧化性酸(硫酸、鹽酸、磷酸、氫氟酸)、鹽溶液和有機酸中,也有較好的耐蝕性。但在通氣介質或有氧化劑存在時,耐蝕性顯 著下降。在室溫下,在80%以下濃度的硫酸和20%濃度的鹽酸中,其腐蝕速度小於0.5mm/a。在中等濃度的磷酸和氫氟酸中,直至沸點溫度仍能保持穩 定,僅次於鉑和銀。但對應力腐蝕敏感,使用前應進行消除應力處理。

Monel合金是Ni-Cu系耐蝕合金,有兩種類型:加工強化型,有Monel400、404、R405等牌號;沉澱硬化型,有Monel K-500、502等牌號,常用Monel 400和K-500、Monel K-500的力學性能優於Monel 400,但耐蝕性稍差。

資料來源:網路彙整