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化學上，矽酸鹽指由矽和氧組成的化合物(SixOy)，有時亦包括一或多種金屬和或氫。它亦用以表示由二氧化矽或矽酸產生的鹽。
在普通情況下，最穩定的矽化合物是二氧化矽(SiO2)——俗稱石英，和類似的化合物。二氧化矽經常有微量的矽酸（H4SiO4）處於平衡狀態。化學家認為石英是不可溶解的，但在長時間尺度下，它是可以流動的。此外，在鹼性條件下，會出現H2SiO42−。大部分矽酸鹽都是不可溶解的。
矽酸鹽礦物的特徵是它們的正四面體結構，有時這些正四面體以錬狀、雙鍊狀、片狀、三維架狀方式連結起來。按正四面體聚合的程度，矽酸鹽再細分為：島狀矽酸鹽類、環狀矽酸鹽類等。
在地質學和天文學上，矽酸鹽指一種由矽和氧組成的岩石（通常為SiO2或SiO4），有時亦包括一或多種金屬和或氫。此類岩石包括花崗岩及輝長岩等。地球及其他類地行星的大部分地殼均以矽酸鹽組成。
礦物學上，矽酸鹽礦物按其分子結構分為以下類別：
* 橄欖石（單正四面體） - 島狀矽酸鹽類
* 綠簾石（double tetrahedra） - 對狀矽酸鹽類
* 電氣石（rings of tetrahedra） - 環狀矽酸鹽類
* 輝石（single chain）- 鍊狀矽酸鹽類
* 角閃石（double chain） - 鍊狀矽酸鹽類
* 雲母和白土（sheet） - 片狀矽酸鹽類
* 長石（framework） - 架狀矽酸鹽類
* 石英（SiO2 framework） - 架狀矽酸鹽類
A silicate is a compound containing a silicon bearing anion. The great majority of silicates are oxides, but hexafluorosilicate ([SiF6]2−) and other anions are also included. This article focuses mainly on the Si-O anions. Silicates comprise the majority of the earth's crust, as well as most planets and moons. Sand, Portland cement, and thousands of minerals are examples of silicates.
Silicate compounds, including the minerals, consist of silicate anions whose charge is balanced by various cations. Myriad silicate anions can exist, and each can form compounds with many different cations. Hence this class of compounds is very large. Both minerals and synthetic materials fit in this class.
In the vast majority of silicates, including silicate minerals, the Si occupies a tetrahedral environment, being surrounded by 4 oxygen centres. In these structures, the chemical bonds to silicon conform to the octet rule. These tetrahedra sometimes occur as isolated SiO44- centres, but most commonly, the tetrahedra are joined together in various ways, such as pairs (Si2O76-) and rings (Si6O1812-). Commonly the silicate anions are chains, double chains, sheets, and three-dimensional frameworks. All such species have negligible solubility in water at normal conditions.
Silicates are well characterized as solids, but are less commonly observed in solution. The anion SiO44- is the conjugate base of silicic acid, Si(OH)4, and both are elusive as are all of the intermediate species. Instead, solutions of silicates usually observed as mixtures of condensed and partially protonated silicate clusters. The nature of soluble silicates is relevant to understanding biomineralization and the synthesis of aluminosilicates, such as the industrially important catalysts called zeolites
Although the tetrahedron is the common coordination geometry for silicon compounds, silicon is well known to also adopt higher coordination numbers. A well known example of such a high coordination number is hexafluorosilicate (SiF62-). Octahedral coordination by 6 oxygen centres is observed. At very high pressure, even SiO2 adopts this geometry in the mineral stishovite, a dense polymorph of silica found in the lower mantle of the Earth. This structure is also formed by shock during meteorite impacts. Octahedral Si in the form of hexahydroxysilicate ([Si(OH)6]2−) is observed in thaumasite[citation needed] a mineral occurring rarely in nature but sometimes observed amongst other calcium silicate hydrate artificially formed in cement and concrete submitted to a severe sulfate attack.
In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to denote types of rock that consist predominantly of silicate minerals. On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering and diagenesis. Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons, known as tests, from silica. The tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment.
Silica, or silicon dioxide, SiO2, is sometimes considered a silicate, although it is the special case with no negative charge and no need for counter-ions. Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz, and its polymorphs.
Diatomaceous earth, as viewed under a microscope, is a soft, siliceous, sedimentary rock made up of the cell walls/shells of single cell diatoms. Diatom cell walls are made up of biogenic silica; silica synthesised in the diatom cell by the polymerisation of silicic acid. This image of diatomaceous earth particles in water is at a scale of 6.236 pixels/μm, the entire image covers a region of approximately 1.13 by 0.69 mm.
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