Tuesday, October 23, 2007

切削不锈钢时怎样选择刀具几何参数? www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

1) 前角γ0:不锈钢的硬度、强度并不高,但其塑性、韧性都较好,热强性高,切削时切屑不易被切离。在保证刀具有足够强度的前提下,应选用较大的前角,这样不 仅能够减小被切削金属的塑性变形,而且可以降低切削力和切削温度,同时使硬化层深度减小。

车削各种不锈钢的前角大致为12°~30°。对马氏体不锈钢(如2Cr13),前角可取较大值;对奥氏体和奥氏体+铁素体不锈钢,前角应取较小值;对未经调质处理或调质后硬度较低的不锈钢,可取较大前角;直径较小或薄壁工件,宜采用较大的前角。

高速钢铣刀取γn=10°~20°,硬质合金铣刀取γn=5°~10°;铰刀一般取γ0=8°~12°;丝锥一般取γ0=15°~20°(机用)或γ0=20°(手用)。

2) 后角α0:加大后角能减小后刀面与加工表面的摩擦,但会使切削刃的强度和散热能力降低。后角的合理值取决于切削厚度,切削厚度小时,宜选较大后角。

不锈钢车刀或镗刀通常取α0=10°~20°(精加工)或α0=6°~10°(粗加工);高速钢端铣刀取α0=10°~20°,立铣刀取α0=15° ~20°;硬度合金端铣刀取α0=5°~10°,立铣刀取α0=12°~16°;铰刀和丝锥取α0=8°~12°。

3) 主偏角kr、副偏角kr,和re:减小主偏角可增加刀刃工作长度,有利于散热,但在切削过程中使径向力加大,容易产生振动,常取kr=45°~75°,若机床刚性不足,可适当加大。副偏角常取kr=8°~15°。为了加强刀尖,一般应磨出e=0.5~1.0 mm的刀尖圆弧。

4) 刃倾角λs:为了增加刀尖强度,刃倾角一般取λs=-8°~-3°,断续切削时取较大值λs=-15°~-5°。

生产实践中,为了加大切屑变形,提高刀尖强度与散热能力,采用双刃倾角车刀,取得了良好的断屑效果,也加宽了断屑范围,如图1所示。第一刃倾角 λs1≥0°,第二刃倾角在接近刀尖部位,λs2≈-20°,第二刃倾角的刀刃长度lλs2。≈ap/3。
当双刃倾角车刀的g0=20°、a0=6°~8°、kr=90°或75°、倒棱前角g01=-10°、re=0.15~0.2 mm时,在Vc=80~100 m/min、f=0.2~0.3 mm/r、ap=4~15 mm的条件下切削,断屑效果良好,刀具耐用度高。

要求刀具前后刀面的表面粗糙度值小,刀具磨钝标锥VB为加工一般材料的1/2。

7 切削不锈钢时怎样选择刀具断(卷)屑槽和刃口形式?

切 削不锈钢时还应选择合适的刀具断(卷)屑槽,以便控制连绵不断的切屑,通常采用全圆弧形或直线圆弧形断(卷)屑槽。断(卷)屑槽的宽度Bn=3~5 mm,槽深h=0.5~1.3 mm,Rn=2~8 mm。一般情况下,粗车时ap、f大,断(卷)屑槽宜宽而浅;精车时ap、f小,应窄而深些。断(卷)屑槽的形式见图2。

切 削加工过程中,如果发生切屑缠绕在工件或刀具上的现象,表示断(卷)屑槽过宽过浅,可加大进给量,使切屑折断;如果切屑挤轧在槽内,发出吱吱叫声,或切 屑飞溅伤人,表示断(卷)屑槽太窄太深,这时可减小进给量。同时还要注意控制断(卷)屑槽的位置。断(卷)屑槽的尺寸见表3、表4和表5。

表3 外圆车刀断(卷)屑槽尺寸

工件直径
(mm)
半径Rn
(mm)
宽度Bn
(mm)
前角g0
(°)
倒棱尺寸bg
(mm)
≤20 1.5 2 42 精车:0.05~0.10
粗车:0.10~0.20
2.5 3 37
20~40 3 3 30
3.5 3.5 30
4 4 30
>40~80 4 4 30
4.5 4.5 30
5 5 30
>80~200 5.5 5 27 精车:0.10~0.20
粗车:0.15~0.30
6 5.5 27
6.5 6 27.5
>200 6.5 6 27.5
7 6.5 27.5
7.5 7 27.5

表4 镗刀断(卷)屑槽尺寸
镗孔直径
(mm)
半径Rn
(mm)
加工1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢及中等硬度2Cr13马氏体不锈钢 加工耐浓硝酸不锈钢及较硬的2Cr13、3Cr13等马氏体不锈钢
宽度Bn (mm) 前角g0 (°) 宽度Bn (mm) 前角g0 (°)
≤20 1.6 2.0 39 1.6 30
2.0 2.5 39 2.0 30
2.5 3.0 37 2.5 30
>20~40 2.0 2.5 39 2.0 30
2.5 3.0 37 2.5 30
3.0 3.5 36 2.8 28
>40~60 4.0 4.0 30 3.2 24
4.5 4.5 30 3.5 23
5.0 5.0 30 4.0 24
>60~80 4.5 4.5 30 3.5 23
5.0 5.0 30 4.0 24
6.0 6.0 30 5.0 24.5
>80 5.0 4.0 24 3.5 20.5
6.0 5.0 24.5 4.5 22
7 6.0 25.5 5.0 21

表5 切断刀断(卷)屑槽尺寸
切断直径 (mm) ≤20 >20~50 >50~80 >80~120
半径Rn (mm) 2.5 3.2 4.2 3.2 4.5 5.5 4.2 5.5 6.5 5.5 6.5 8
宽度Bn (mm) 3 4 5 4 5 6 5 6 7 6 7 8
前角g0 (°) 37 39 36.5 39 30.5 33 36.5 33 32.5 33 32.5 30


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Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com

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